1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 8226-1 Second edition 1994-12-15 Paper and board - Measurement of hygroexpansivity - Part 1: Hygroexpansivity up to a maximum relative humidity of 68 % Papiers et cartons - Dktermina tion de la dilatation 2 Ihumiditg - Partie I: Dilatation A Ihumiditk jusqu A une humiditk
2、relative maxima/e de 68 % Reference number IS0 8226-1:1994(E) Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical comm
3、ittees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the
4、International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the mem
5、ber bodies casting a vote. International Standard IS0 8226-l was prepared by Technical Committee ISOfTC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2, Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (IS0 8226-l : 1985), which has
6、 been technically revised. IS0 8226 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board - Measurement of hygroexpansivity: - Part I: Hygroexpansivity up to a maximum relative humidity of 68 % - Part 2: Hygroexpansivity up to a maximum relative humidity of 86 % Annex A forms an i
7、ntegral part of this part of IS0 8226. Annex B is for information only. 0 IS0 1994 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission
8、 in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland Printed in Switzerland II 0 IS0 IS0 8226-l : 1994(E) Introduction Knowledge of the dimensional changes in paper and board to be expected when the ambient humidity changes
9、is essential for accurate control of printing and similar processes. The change in dimensions, or hygro- expansivity, is due to stress relaxation of the constituent fibres and swelling or contraction of the fibres caused respectively by absorption or desorption of water. The proportion of the two me
10、chanisms causing hygro- expansivity depends upon the upper limit of relative humidity. For the purposes of this part of IS0 8226, an upper limit of 68 % relative humidity is imposed to minimize the effects of stress relaxation on the hygro- expansivity. Part 2 of this International Standard specifie
11、s a method for the determination of hygroexpansivity up to a maximum relative humidity of 86 %, a value at which stress relaxation may have a significant effect on hygroexpansivity. I.0 III This page intentionally left blank INTERNATIONAL STANDARD o IS0 IS0 8226-l : 1994(E) Paper and board - Measure
12、ment of hygroexpansivity - Part 1: Hygroexpansivity up to a maximum relative humidity of 68 % 1 Scope This part of IS0 8226 specifies a method for the determination of the hygroexpansivity of paper and board when subjected to a change in the relative humidity with which it is in equilibrium from (33
13、 zt 2) % to (66 * 2) %. This method is applicable to paper and board generally. It is not, however, suitable for crepe papers and corrugated fibreboard. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of IS0
14、8226. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of IS0 8226 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and
15、 IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 186:1994, Paper and board - Sampling to determine average quality. IS0 187:1990, Paper, board and pulps - Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and pro- cedure for monitoring the atmosphere and condition- ing of sampl
16、es. IS0 536: -I) Paper and board - Determination of , grammage. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this part of IS0 8226, the follow- ing definition applies. 3.1 hygroexpansivity: Change in length that occurs in a given length of paper or board when the relative humidity with which it is in equilibri
17、um is raised from a specified lower relative humidity to a specified higher relative humidity. The change in length is expressed as a percentage of the given length when the paper or board is in equilibrium with 50 % relative humidity. NOTE 1 A contraction of the test piece is regarded as negative h
18、ygroexpansivity. 4 Principle To ensure that all test pieces being tested are brought to the initial relative humidity from an immediate similar moisture level, this method includes a preliminary conditioning step at a very low relative humidity. Preliminary conditioning of test pieces of paper or bo
19、ard at a specified temperature (preferably 23 “C * 1 “C), under zero load and a relative humidity of (22 t 3) % and then at relative humidities of (33 k 2) % and (66 + 2) %. Measurement of the change in length between the latter two relative humidities under a load appropriate to the grammage of the
20、 sample. The change in length is expressed as a percentage of the length measured at 50 % relative humidity. 1) To be published. (Revision of IS0 536:1976) 1 IS0 8226=1:1994(E) 0 IS0 5 Apparatus and materials 5.1 Cabinet, with air circulation, capable of being maintained at one of the temperatures s
21、pecified in IS0 187, preferably 23 “C * 1 OC, and attaining the required relative humidities, measured as specified in 5.5, uniformly within the whole cabinet and within not more than 30 min. NOTES 2 The cabinet should preferably be located in an environment controlled to a temperature of 23 “C it 1
22、 “C. 3 All cabinets, irrespective of the method of relative humidity generation, are subject to humidity variations within the cabinet unless exceptional care is taken to minimize temperature variations (temperature variations greater than 0,4 “C can be significant). 5.2 Saturated salt solutions (se
23、e annex A), to provide relative humidities of (22 * 3) %, (33 f: 2) % and (66 * 2) % as measured in accordance with 5.5. NOTES 4 Other methods of generating the required relative humidity may be used provided equivalent accuracy is obtained. 5 The initial length (see 7.1) at 50 % relative humidity s
24、hould be determined by maintaining the cabinet in a conditioned test room operating at the preferred atmos- phere of IS0 187. 5.3, Clamps, upper and lower, or other means of suspending the test pieces vertically within the cabinet such that, when there is no load on the test piece, the distance betw
25、een the inner clamping faces is a set value, known to within 1 mm (preferably 100 mm k 1 mm). A means shall be provided for tensioning the test pieces with the known loads (see table I), and releasing this tension without removing the loads and without opening the cabinet. 5.4 Loading weights, inclu
26、ding the loads attribu- table to the mass of the clamps, for application to the test pieces during measurement (see table 1). Table 1 - Test load Sample r- Total Equivalent mass grammage, g load (including clamp) g/m* N/m g/l 5 mm 8125 15al 23 A I,5 l25275 80+ 1 122 f I,5 5.5 Means of measuring rela
27、tive humidity (for example humidity probes) or the air in the cabinet (5.1) with a precision of t, 1 % (maximum error of reading) and an accuracy of * 2 % (maximum departure from true relative humidity). The measuring probe should be capable of detecting a change of 0,5 % relative humidity within 10
28、 s, at the equilibrium relative humidity level. NOTES 6 Care must be taken to ensure that the corrosive nature of the “salt mist” does not affect the performance of any humidity probe. It is recommended that probes be pro- tected by a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) screen or other suitable means. 7
29、All humidity probes require regular calibration, preferably by a nationally accredited laboratory. Calibration certificates normally quote the known error of the instrument. The known error should be used to correct the measured value. 5.6 Means for measuring the temperature in the cabinet (5.1). 5.
30、7 Devices for measuring the length or change in length of the test pieces to the nearest 0,Ol mm. These devices may be mechanical or electronic. 6 Sampling and preparation of test pieces 6.1 If a lot is being sampled, select the specimens to be tested in accordance with IS0 186. 6.2 From undamaged s
31、pecimens free from watermarks, folds and wrinkles, cut five test pieces in the machine direction and/or five in the cross direction as required. Each test piece shall be at least 20 mm longer than the nominal free span between the clamps, and the minimum free span shall be 100 mm. The width of the t
32、est piece shall be at least 15 mm. For the determination of hygroexpansivity in the machine direction or in the cross direction, cut the test pieces with the longer side parallel to the relevant direction. 6.3 Determine the sample grammage, g, in accord- ance with IS0 536. 7 Test procedure 7.Il Pnit
33、iall length (lo) Set the clamps (5.3) inside the cabinet (5.1) to a span of at least 100 mm (known to within 1 mm). Clamp, 2 0 IS0 IS0 8226=1:1994(E) then condition the unloaded test pieces for at least 30 min at the selected temperature (see 5.1) and at a relative humidity of (50 * 2) %. Gently app
34、ly the ap- propriate load in accordance with table 1 and note the readings on the length-measuring devices (5.7) to the nearest 1 mm. Record this length as (lo). ZG6 is the reading, in millimetres, on the length- measuring device, for the test piece under the appropriate load at a relative humidity
35、of (66 * 2) %. Express the mean result to the nearest 0,05 % separately for the machine direction and/or cross direction as required. 7.2 Preliminary conditioning of test pieces Calculate also the standard deviation for the machine direction and/or cross direction respectively. Condition the unloade
36、d test pieces for at least 30 min at a relative humidity of (22 rt 3) %. Gently apply the appropriate load in accordance with table 1 and note the readings on the length-measuring devices. Remove the load and repeat the conditioning and measurement sequence until the length under load changes by no
37、more than 0,02 % between readings. 9 Precision For test results, each of which consisted of the average of five determinations, the following precision data were obtained from an international cross-check involving six laboratories testing five papers. NOTE 8 These readings are not used in the calcu
38、lation. 7.3 Measurement of hygroexpansivity 9.1 Repeatability Change the conditioning atmosphere to (33 2 2) %, and record the relative humidity value obtained. Condition the unloaded test pieces for at least 30 min at a relative humidity of (33 * 2) %. Gently apply the appropriate load in accordanc
39、e with table 1 and note the readings on the length-measuring devices. Remove the load and repeat the conditioning and measurement until the length under load changes by no more than 0,Ol mm. Record these lengths to the nearest 0,Ol mm (Z where l0 is the reading, in measuring device, appropriate load
40、 (50 It 5) %; Lz3 is the reading, in measuring device, appropriate load (33 t 2) %; b) all infor mation necess tif ication of the sample; arY for complete iden- millimetres, on the length- for the test piece under the at a relative humidity of millimetres, on the length- for the test piece under the
41、 at a relative humidity of cl the date and place of testing; d) the test span between the clamps at the start of the test; d the width of the test piece; IS0 8226=1:1994(E) 0 IS0 f) the mean value for the hygroexpansivity in the machine direction and/or cross direction; g) the standard deviation for
42、 the machine direction and/or cross direction; h) the measured values of temperatures and relative humidities used for the test; 0 any deviation from the requirements of this part of IS0 8226 and any incidents which may have affected the test results. 0 IS0 ISO8226=1:1994(E) Annex A (normative) Prep
43、aration of salt solutions At constant temperature, saturated salt solutions reach equilibrium with the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere in a closed container, thereby maintaining a constant relative humidity. Saturated salt solutions can absorb or give up large quantities of water without ch
44、anging the equilibrium relative humidity, making them suitable for studies of water vapour absorption or desorption. A wide range of relative humidity conditions can be obtained, using various salt solutions, as reviewed by Young 4 Saturated salt solutions should be prepared from reagents of recogni
45、zed analytical grade and distilled water or water of equivalent purity, since the pres- ence of impurities may affect the equilibrium relative humidity. In most cases, the solution can be prepared by dissolving a quantity of the salt in excess of that required to saturate the solution, at a temperat
46、ure slightly above the required testing temperature. Because certain salts can change their hydrated form, care should be taken to avoid dissolving at elevated temperatures. The approximate solubility values at 23 “C and the relative humidities given by salts recommended for use in this part of IS0
47、8226 are listed in table A.I. Table A.1 - Saturated salt solutions Solubility Relative Salt humidity 911 % Potassium acetate 2620 22*3 KC2H302) Magnesium chloride 1700 33 + 2 (MgCI,-6H,O) Sodium nitrite (NaNO,) l) 880 66 f 2 1) WARNING - Sodium nitrite presents an explosion hazard if stored improperly. For safety, storage in polyethylene bottles is recommended. IS0 8226-l : 1994(E) Annex B (informative) Bibliography II YOUNG, J.F. J. Appl. Ch err,., 17, September 1967, p. 241. 0 IS0 This page intentionally left blank IS0 822601:1994( E) 0 IS0 KS 85.060.00
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