ISO IEC TR 11017-1998 Information technology - Framework for internationalization《信息技术 国际化框架》.pdf

1、TECHNICAL REPORT lSO/IEC TR 11017 First edition 1998-03-01 Information technology - Framework for internationalization Technologies de /information - Cadre pour Iinternationalisation Reference number ISOAECTR 11017:1998(E) ISOAEC TR 11017:1998(E) Contents 1 Scope . 1 2 References 1 3 Definitions 1 4

2、 Categories of user culture for internationalization .2 4.1 User interfaces 2 4.2 Scope of user culture 2 4.2.1 Mono-culture/script/language 2 4.2.2 Mono-culture/script/language, including ISO/lEC 646 . 2 4.2.3 Mono-culture/language, Multi-script . 3 4.2.4 Mono-culture, Multi-script/language . 3 4.2

3、.5 Multi-culture/script/language 3 4.2.6 Global Uniformity . 3 4.2.7 Cross-Cultural Friendliness . 3 4.2.8 User-Culture Summary 4 4.3 A Future Vision . 4 5 INTERNATIONALIZATION and LOCALIZATION 4 5.1 Local adaptation .4 5.2 Current local adaptation approach 5 5.3 The lNTERNATlONALlZATlON/LOCALIZATlO

4、N approach 5 5.3.1 INTERNATIONALIZATION . . 5 5.3.2 LOCALIZATION . 5 5.3.3 Summary . 6 5.4 Environments for internationalization 9 5.5 Relationship between INTERNATIONALIZATION and Application Portability . 10 0 ISO/IEC 1998 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publicatio

5、n may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISO/IEC Copyright Office l Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland Printed in Switzerland ii o ISO/IEC lSO/lEC TR 1

6、1017:1998(E) 5.6 What is culture? (Relationship to functionality for Customization). . 10 5.7 What is the cultural data to be loaded? 10 5.8 Localization Data must be loaded in a flexible manner, allowing future growth and providing for competitive innovation . 11 6 Cultural differences 11 6.1 Requi

7、rements for Cultural Dependencies . 11 6.2 Script (from the process viewpoint) 12 6.2.1 Alphabetic scripts 12 6.2.2 Syllabic scripts . 13 6.2.3 ldeographic Scripts 13 6.2.4 Script and culture . 13 6.3 Culture-dependent items and cultural differences 13 6.3.1 Character encoding and handling 13 6.3.2

8、Writing direction . 14 6.3.3 Character ordering sequence 14 6.3.4 Multiple forms of characters 14 6.3.5 Hyphenation, Spacing and Punctuation . 14 6.3.6 Expression of numbers as words 14 6.3.7 Character classification . 14 6.3.6 Messages and Dialogues 14 6.3.9 Text length . 14 6.3.10 Spelling 14 6.3.

9、11 Documentation . 15 6.3.12 Layout of text on a page 15 6.3.13 Character (Glyph) size, Line size and Line spacing 15 6.3.14 Font requirements . 15 6.3.15 Drawing of boxes in text 15 6.3.16 Icons and symbols . 15 6.3.17 Mathematical symbols . 15 6.3.16 Paper sizes 15 6.3.19 Data input method . 15 II

10、I lSO/lEC TR 11017:1998(E) o ISO/IEC 6.3.20 Voice messages 15 6.3.21 Date, Time and Calendar . 15 6.3.22 Number format . 16 6.3.23 Number rounding . 16 6.3.24 Currency symbols 16 6.3.25 Price expression 16 6.3.26 Telephone number format . 16 6.3.27 Postal address format 16 6.3.28 Measurement system

11、16 6.3.29 Colour significance 16 6.3.30 Function names . 16 6.3.31 Personal titles 16 6.3.32 Taboo words (terms). . 16 6.3.33 Regulatory requirements regarding information systems 17 6.4 Additional culture-dependent items 17 7 Model and Services required for INTERNATIONALIZATION 17 7.1 A Model for I

12、nformation Processing Systems . 17 7.2 Service Requirements 18 7.2.1 Coded Character Set and Data Representation Service .20 7.2.2 Services for character data processing . 24 7.2.3 Services for multi-lingual support . 24 7.2.4 Services for Common Cultural Conventions 2 5 7.2.5 Services for other cul

13、tural conventions 25 7.3 Organization and Management of cultural conventions . .26 7.3.1 The Formal Definition of Cultural Conventions (FDCC) . 26 7.3.2 The Formal Definition of a Cultural Environment . 2 7 7.3.3 Cultural Conventions within Application Programs 2 7 7.3.4 Cultural Convention Synchron

14、isation Service 27 7.3.5 Considerations for distributed applications 27 7.4 LOCALIZATION related services .28 iv o ISO/IEC lSO/lEC TR 11017: 1998(E) 7.4.1 LOCALIZATION Support Services . .28 7.4.2 Maintenance Services for the LOCALIZED system .29 7.5 INTERNATIONALIZATION in Fortran - A Possible Appr

15、oach 29 Annexes A Bibliography 32 B Samples of cultural conventions to be included in FDCC-sets . 34 C Bi-directional text . 35 D Examples of solutions . 37 lSO/lEC TR 11017:1998(E) o ISOAEC Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical

16、 Committee) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of IS0 or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity

17、. IS0 and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with IS0 and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, IS0 and IEC have established a joint technical committee

18、, ISOAEC JTC 1. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards, but in exceptional circumstances a technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report of one of the following types: - type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publicat

19、ion of an International Standard, despite repeated efforts; - type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard; - type 3, when a technical committee has collected

20、 data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example). Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide whether they can be transformed into International Standards. Technica

21、l Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful. ISOAEC TR 11017, which is a Technical Report of type 3, was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISOAEC JTC 1, lnforrnation technology, Subcommittee SC 22, Programm

22、ing languages, their environments and system software interfaces. o ISO/IEC lSO/lEC TR 11017:1998(E) Introduction Background ISO/IEC JTC 1 created SC 22NVG 20 with a specific task to address internationalization in programming languages and applications. The development of a Technical Report for a f

23、ramework for internationalization of programming languages and applications was selected as the first project of the working group. The update of ISO/IEC TR 10176:1991 “Information technology - Guidelines for the preparation of programming language standards”, was added to the projects of the WG 20

24、to ensure that the other working groups in the SC 22 profit from WG 20s work by including the services described in the framework document, into the development and update of programming language standards. After surveying the various requirements, ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 22 defined a set of services that

25、might be provided in a truly internationalized application, and thus also in programming languages. These services are described in this Technical Report, together with short explanations of the requirements and a list of standards on which they are based. This Technical Report forms the base docume

26、nt for the consideration of internationalization features in applications. The revision of ISO/IEC TR 10176, introduces the services defined in this Technical Report into the development of programming language standards. The recommendations in the guide will enable programming languages to deal wit

27、h the issues of internationalization and to create programs that can run in culturally different environments without changes to the program code. While preparing this Technical Report, it became obvious that the culturally correct ordering (sorting) of data is an essential part of most commercial p

28、rocessing. This is particularly difficult when the underlying character set is capable of representing all of todays written languages. SC 22 therefore proposed, and was assigned, an additional work item to develop a standard for “Information technology - International String Ordering - Method for C

29、omparing Character Strings and Description of Default Tailorable Ordering”, ISO/IEC 14651. “The specification of cultural conventions in language independent form” is another work item assigned to SC 22. Programming language specific specifications for such repositories exist in ISO/IEC 9945-2 and i

30、n publicly available specifications from various consortia. It is a requirement that output from this work (ISO/IEC 14652) must be compatible with the work already done by ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 22/WG 15 (POSIX working group) in this field. A working draft exists for this Technical Report. This Technical

31、Report The role of information technology in daily life is rapidly growing, and its prevalence now approaches that of social infrastructures such as water or power supplies, public communications links and road or public transportation systems. To ensure the future success of this technology, all co

32、mmunication between systems and users of the systems must be in the natural language of the user in the users script, and must fit the natural behaviour of the user. Traditionally, the process of the adaptation to a user culture has been called the internationalization (or localization, or customiza

33、tion in an intermixed way) of information technology. Historically, the internationalization of information technology has been provided on a demand/requirement basis, and thus solutions have been based on the “best available technology” approach. As a result, the solutions to internationalization f

34、or different systems do not necessarily share any common directions or goals. In many cases, different technology solutions have different goals altogether. vii ISOAEC TR 11017:1998(E) o ISO/IEC This Technical Report is intended to present an organised overview of, and relationship between, the vari

35、ous requirements, approaches and solutions to the internationalization of information technology systems. In addition, this Technical Report recommends services for internationalization of software. This Technical Report refers to the ISO/IEC JTC 1 TSG-1 final report as a base document (see Annex A)

36、. The purpose of the ISO/IEC JTC 1 internationalization activity is to establish the goals and directions for its production of applications adapted for use in the international environment which can be customised to local cultural conventions, and then to produce the necessary standards. The common

37、 internationalization standards will benefit a number of parties in the information technology field: - users will have a much greater chance of having applications which are compliant with their local cultural conventions, and will also be able to experience a much greater commonality between the h

38、andling of cultural conventions in different applications. - application developers will be relieved from specifying a number of internationalization parameters, which can simply be taken from ISO/IEC member bodies specifications. - procurers can specify cultural convention sets and obtain well-defi

39、ned uniform behaviour across hardware and software platforms. - ISO/IEC member bodies can produce specifications for their national cultural conventions, which then can be applied uniformly across application platforms. - ISO/IEC JTC 1 working groups can produce bindings to ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards t

40、hat use the specifications of cultural conventions from ISO/IEC JTC 1 member bodies, and thus reuse internationalization data and specifications without further work. As the internationalization activity involves many parties, it is planned to have a staged approach to producing the relevant standar

41、ds. First a framework document will be produced (this document); then the “Guidelines for the preparation of programming language standards” will be revised with respect to internationalization (a revised ISO/IEC TR 10176); and finally the various internationalization standards will be produced. Thi

42、s Technical Report is structured as follows: Clause 1 describes the scope of this Technical Report, clause 2 lists the documents referenced, and clause 3 defines the key terminology (Only those items necessary for the understanding of this Technical Report are referenced in clause 2 and clause 3). C

43、lause 4 presents many different categories of internationalization, all of which are useful in internationalized information systems. Clause 5 recommends the lNTERNATlONALlZATlON/LOCALIZATlON model as a comprehensive solution to accommodate the different types of internationalization described in cl

44、ause 4. Clause 6 itemises the major conventions which differ between cultures, also emphasizing that number of these conventions are open ended. Clause 7 presents the basic model for internationalized systems and recommends a set of services which are necessary to support the major cultural differen

45、ces (described in clause 6) based on the model. Annexes provide supporting information to the main text. . . . VIII TECHNICAL REPORT o ISO/IEC lSO/lEC TR 11017:1998(E) Information technology - Framework for internationalization 1 Scope This Technical Report presents the framework and recommended mod

46、el for internationalization and identifies the services required for the international- ization of information technology. This Technical Report: discusses the requirements of internationalized systems and their users, suggests a concerted, unified approach to internationalization, recommends servic

47、es to fulfil the requirements, and lists the standards related to the services. This Technical Report is intended to be a reference for future standards on the internationalization of information technology, to act as a communication vehicle between those who provide standards and those who request

48、them, and also to function as a basis for all future ISO/IEC JTC l/SC 22/WG 20 activities. NOTE 1 This Technical Report does not propose any specific solutions for internationalization. Future standards are expected to provide the solutions, reflecting the directions in this Technical Report. NOTE 2

49、 internationalization services consist of internationally generic services and nationally specific information (data). This Technical Report covers only the internationally generic portion of software, so it does not discuss: - preparation of internationalized information technology systems for localization by a local user. - hardware-related issues or requirements. - requirements related to system ergonomics. NOTE 3 The internationalization solutions and services available in the mid-late 1980s are the technical basis for this Technical Report. 2 References See annex A. 3 Definitions Fo