ISO TR 22157-2-2004 Bamboo - Determination of physical and mechanical properties - Part 2 Laboratory manual《竹子 物理和机械特性的测定 第2部分 实验室手册》.pdf

1、 Reference numberISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E)ISO 2004TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR22157-2First edition2004-05-01Bamboo Determination of physical and mechanical properties Part 2: Laboratory manual Bambou Dtermination des proprits physiques et mcaniques Partie 2: Manuel de laboratoire Copyright International Org

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7、E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2004 All rights reservedCopyright International Organization for Standardization Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E)

8、ISO 2004 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 4.2.1 Measurement and weight . 1 4.2.2 Temperature and humidity. 1 5.6 Marking and conversion into test specimens 5 6 Moisture content . 8 6.3 Apparatus. 8 6.4 Preparation of test specimen. 8 7 Mass by volume 8 7.1 Sc

9、ope 8 7.4 Preparation of test pieces 8 7.5 Procedure. 8 7.6 Determination in the absolutely dry condition. 10 8 Shrinkage. 10 8.5.2 Procedure. 10 9 Compression . 11 9.3 Apparatus. 11 9.4 Preparation of test specimens. 11 9.6.2 Range of readings. 12 10 Static bending . 12 10.1 Scope 12 10.3 Apparatus

10、. 12 10.4 Preparation of test culms. 12 10.5.1 Moment of inertia (see 10.5.4) 12 10.5.2 Procedure. 13 10.5.3 E-modulus 13 11 Shear 18 11.1 Scope 18 11.4.2 Specimens . 18 12 Tension. 19 12.4.2 Specimens . 19 12.4.4 Form of the specimens. 19 Bibliography . 21 Copyright International Organization for S

11、tandardization Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national sta

12、ndards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International or

13、ganizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules give

14、n in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 7

15、5 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating

16、members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject

17、of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 22157-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 165, Timber structures, in collaboration with INBAR, the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan. Copyright International Organization for

18、Standardization Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved vIntroduction In many laboratories in bamboo-growing countries all over the world, laboratory staff perform

19、tests on the properties of bamboo. Visitors to such laboratories have seen how diligent and keen staff are on doing their work, in many cases under circumstances that are not easy. Many examples can be found of very satisfactory methods or tools, but such good information stays inside the originatin

20、g laboratory, due to lack of exchange of such knowledge. One purpose of this Technical Report is to publish clever methods in order to make these available for staff all over the world. A second purpose is to give a practical “how to do” explanation on how to perform tests according to ISO 22157-1.

21、Copyright International Organization for Standardization Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright International Organization for Standardization Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO Not for ResaleNo repr

22、oduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1Bamboo Determination of physical and mechanical properties Part 2: Laboratory manual 1 Scope This Technical Report provides informative guidelines for staff in laborato

23、ries on how to perform tests according to ISO 22157-1. NOTE From here on, this Technical Report will only give information on subclauses of ISO 22157-1 if needed; consequently the numbering is not successive. 4.2.1 Measurement and weight NOTE This subclause also refers to: 5.3 Felling, marking and c

24、onversion. The values for length and weight should be taken: from the culms after their arrival in the lab, which means that culms have been marked already according to 5.3 of ISO 22157-1; from the smaller specimens immediately after they have been cut to size in the laboratory. It is wise to perfor

25、m this cutting activity in such a way that confusion is avoided. It is wise laboratory practice to design standard tables in which all data should be recorded. Figure 1 gives an example of such a table; evidently each laboratory is free to follow this example or not, provided their tables are as goo

26、d or even better. In Figure 2 this table is repeated, and filled in by hand as an example of how to deal with it. Next, it is wise to make a sketch of each culm, with its nodes, the places of the nodes, and the specimens cut from this culm and the tests for which these are to be used; see example in

27、 Figure 3. This example shows the bottom and the middle part of a culm; from each part, two samples will be tested in compression and one in bending, provided the length is sufficient. The reports on those tests will contain more sketches with dimensions, etc. Evidently, each laboratory is free to d

28、esign sketches like these, provided they are clear. In Figure 3, the white ring as in 5.3 appears at a height of about 0,70 m from which we can guess that a piece of about 0,30 m has been left in the plantation. The mark “T”, painted at breast height (5.2) appears at a height of approx. 1,20 m. Subc

29、lause 4.2.1 of ISO 22157-1 also specifies how to determine the diameter and the wall thickness; see Figure 4 for details. (This Figure refers to 10.5.1 of ISO 22157-1.) 4.2.2 Temperature and humidity The choice of test condition of 27 2 C and 70 5 % R.H deviates from that normally adopted for testin

30、g wood products which is 20 C and 65 % R.H. The first condition is chosen to better reflect the service environment in countries where bamboo grows. In temperate climates (like W. Europe), the national standard Copyright International Organization for Standardization Reproduced by IHS under license

31、with ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reservedfor timber may be followed. If the link with other conditions is known, it is recommended to add this in the test report. See also ISO 22157-1, 5.7, last l

32、ine. NOTE This subclause is based on contributions from the Canadian and the French Standards Institutes. Figure 1 Example of a table as in 5.3 and 4.2.1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking perm

33、itted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 3Figure 2 Example of a completed table as in 5.3 and 4.3.1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted wi

34、thout license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E) 4 ISO 2004 All rights reserved Name and address of the laboratory: Mark of the culm: Sketch of the culm, dimensions and tests to be performed: Figure 3 Sketch of a culm (see 4.2.1 and 5.3) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Repr

35、oduced by IHS under license with ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 5Figure 4 Diameter and wall thickness of a culm (see 4.2.1 and 10.5.1) 5.6 Marking and conversion into test specimens The number

36、 of specimens should be twelve: the purpose of tests is to predict a property for the whole population, with tests on one sample only. The more specimens are taken from the sample, the more reliable is the prediction, but the more expensive as well is the test series. A fair equilibrium exists when

37、the minimum number of test specimens is twelve. In a test series, we would like to determine the mean value of the population (pronounce “muu”) but we actually determine the mean value m of the sample. The formula is: = m t(s/n) (In the origial full formula “+” and “” are both present, but here we a

38、re iinterested in the “” only. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E) 6 ISO 2004 All rights reservedwhere is the mean value of the popu

39、lation; m is the mean value of the sample; t is the coefficient from Students distribution;1)s is the standard deviation; n is the number of specimens in the sample. The result is: if n = 4 then = m 23,5 % if n = 8 then = m 13,4 % if n = 12 then = m 10,6 % if n = 16 then = m 8,8 % The same variation

40、 is presented in Figure 5, top curve. A similar formula is valid for the standard deviation of the population as a function of the standard deviation s of the sample: if n = 4 then 0,62s 2,92s if n = 8 then 0,71s 1,80s if n = 12 then 0,75s 1,55s if n = 16 then 0,75s 1,44s This can be seen in Figure

41、5, bottom curve. NOTE The above is background information to ISO 22156:2004, 7.2.1. 1) Students distribution is a statistical distribution, published by the Englishman W.S.Gosset under the pseudonym “Student”. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Reproduced by IHS under license w

42、ith ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 7 as function of n as a function of n Figure 5 The relationship between , and n Copyright International Organization for Standardization Reproduced by IHS un

43、der license with ISO Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 22157-2:2004(E) 8 ISO 2004 All rights reserved6 Moisture content 6.3 Apparatus The glass flasks will be needed only if the test pieces are not put on the balance immediately after preparati

44、on, or if they are left out of the oven for some time during or after drying. If one weighs the pieces immediately, no problems will be expected. 6.4 Preparation of test specimen EXAMPLE A test piece is 25 mm high, 25 mm wide, and the wall thickness is 10,0 mm. The mass is 5,00 g. (This means that t

45、he mass per volume is 800 kg/m3.) If we suppose the dry weight is 4,46 g, then the calculation of the moisture content will be: ooMC 100 (5,00 4,46) / 4,46 100 12,1mmm= = where MC is the moisture content; m is the mass of test piece; mois the mass of test piece after drying. as in ISO 22157-1. 7 Mas

46、s by volume 7.1 Scope “Mass by volume” is the alternative name for “density”. 7.4 Preparation of test pieces Test pieces can be prepared as for moisture content in 6.4, or from a full cross-section of a culm. This last choice leaves open the opportunity to prepare a full internode, the dimensions of

47、 which can be measured easily, or of a full node, the dimensions of which can be determined by immersion in water only. It is recommended to make a carbon impression of both ends of each test piece on the data sheet, before and after drying. Attention should be given to the differences which can occ

48、ur in mass per volume between specimens from the bottom, middle and top part of a culm. 7.5 Procedure The volume can be determined by three methods. If the test piece is like a prism, dimensions can be measured with a Vernier calliper, or the volume can be measured in a mercury volume-meter. If the test piece is like a cylinder (a ring from an internode), dimensions can be measured as in 4.2.1, or the volume can be measured in a water volume-meter. If the test piece is