1、 ISO 2012 Reaction-to-fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate Part 3: Guidance on measurement Essais de raction au feu Dbit calorifique, taux de dgagement de fume et taux de perte de masse Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives au mesurage TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 5660-3 F
2、irst edition 2012-12-01 Reference number ISO/TS 5660-3:2012(E) ISO/TS 5660-3:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
3、 or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org We
4、b www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO/TS 5660-3:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword v Introduction vi 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Capability and limitations of the cone calorimeter 1 4 Calibration of the cone calorimeter 2 4.1 General . 2 4.2 Heat flux met
5、er calibration (see 6.12 and 10.3.1 of ISO 5660-1:2002) . 2 4.3 Calibration frequency 2 4.4 Oxygen analyser calibration (see 10.1.5, 10.1.6 and 10.2.3 of ISO 5660-1:2002) 3 4.5 Determining orifice plate calibration factor 4 4.6 Additional comments on the orifice calibration factor 4 4.7 Calibration
6、of smoke measurement system . 5 4.8 Precautions in relation to water/CO 2removal 6 4.9 Routine maintenance . 6 5 Test specimen preparation and presentation 6 5.1 General . 6 5.2 Specimen trays and edge retainer frame 8 6 Selection of heat flux 9 7 Ignition protocols .11 8 Guidance on the testing of
7、non-standard products .11 8.1 General 11 8.2 Non-planar products .11 8.3 Radiation transfer considerations .13 8.4 Thermally mobile specimens.19 9 Composites and layered products .20 9.1 General 20 9.2 Non-homogeneous products20 9.3 Specimens with short test duration .20 10 Liquids 21 10.1 General 2
8、1 10.2 Testing without the radiant heater .21 10.3 Testing with the radiant heater .22 11 The theory of oxygen consumption calorimetry 22 11.1 General 22 11.2 Silicones .23 11.3 Effect of additives and fillers 24 12 Start and end of test .25 12.1 Start of test 25 12.2 End of test .25 13 Recommendati
9、ons for presentation of data .25 13.1 Current situation 25 13.2 Additional useful data 26 13.3 Recommendations 29 Annex A (informative) Predictive methods from ISO 5660-1 data .30 Annex B (informative) Effect of additives and fillers 37 Annex C (informative) Measurements at low levels of heat releas
10、e .40 ISO/TS 5660-3:2012(E)iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved Bibliography .42 ISO/TS 5660-3:2012(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally ca
11、rried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work
12、. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare Intern
13、ational Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In other circumstances, particularly when there is an
14、urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of document: an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more tha
15、n 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting a vote. An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is
16、reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into a
17、n International Standard or be withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TS 5660-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92
18、, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. This first edition of ISO/TS 5660-3 cancels and replaces ISO/TR 5660-3:2003. ISO 5660 consists of the following parts, under the general title Reaction to fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate: Part 1: Heat release
19、rate (cone calorimeter method) Part 2: Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement) Part 3: Guidance on measurement Technical Specification ISO 2012 All rights reserved v ISO/TS 5660-3:2012(E) Introduction The first edition of ISO 5660-1, which describes a test method for rate of heat release from bu
20、ilding products by means of a cone calorimeter, was published in 1993, following approximately 10 years of development within ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. The cone calorimeter is a fire test instrument in which horizontal specimens are exposed to controlled
21、levels of radiant heating by means of a truncated cone-shaped heater. Continuous spark ignition is provided and the time to ignition is recorded for specimens which ignite. The rate of heat release from the burning specimen is determined from measurements of the amount of oxygen consumed from the ai
22、r flowing through the apparatus, which has been demonstrated to equate to heat release. The mass of the specimen is also measured throughout the burning period. The specimens are usually tested under well ventilated conditions. Results are expressed in terms of peak and average rates of heat release
23、, as well as total heat released and the effective net heat of combustion. ISO 5660-1:2002 limits the specimen type to essentially flat. Several other groups are now utilizing the cone calorimeter, and a number of new parameters in addition to those defined in ISO 5660-1:2002 and ISO 5660-2:2002 hav
24、e been defined and used. Some of these, including smoke measurement, require that measurements be made from the beginning of the test rather than at the onset of ignition, which is commonly used as the starting point for heat release measurement. The cone calorimeter is also designed to allow measur
25、ement of smoke and gases such as CO and CO 2 . Smoke measurement is the subject of ISO 5660-2:2002. Further work is under way to define a quality control tool for measuring burning rates of building products. ISO 17554 specifies a test apparatus similar to that of ISO 5660-1:2002 but measures only l
26、oss of mass when exposed to radiant heat. Mass loss may be a surrogate for measurement of heat release for some classes of building materials. A similar system which measures the temperature of combustion products generated by this apparatus has been standardized as ISO 13927 23 . The cone calorimet
27、er fire model is used to measure corrosivity of gases products of combustion in ISO 11907-4 24 . The effect of the evolved gases on the resistance of a printed circuit board target is used to assess corrosivity. During development of the cone calorimeter it became apparent that there was considerabl
28、e interest in the use of the instrument for products other than building products. Several standards have been developed by various national and international groups based on ISO 5660-1:2002 and ISO 5660-2:2002. This part of ISO 5660 provides recommendations for the testing of products in the cone c
29、alorimeter and gives guidance on application of the test results. Supplementary guidance is given in documents referred to in References 1 and 2.vi ISO 2012 All rights reserved Reaction-to-fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate Part 3: Guidance on measurement 1 Scope This part
30、of ISO 5660 examines the measurement limitations and applications of the cone calorimeter data as currently used for building products, and recommends ways in which some of these may be overcome for other types of products for other application areas. It compiles information from a large body of exp
31、erience with regard to the use of the instrument. This information is presented as a set of guidelines, which will help to standardize the use of the cone calorimeter in this wider scope. Particular guidance is given on aspects of specimen preparation and on the behaviour, such as melting, spalling
32、and intumescing, of specimens exposed to radiant heat. The relevance of specimen thickness and the use of substrate, and methods of fixing to substrate, are also discussed. Advice is given on approaches to testing a variety of “non-standard” products. Recommendations are made on techniques of calibr
33、ation of the apparatus, selection of appropriate heat flux levels and ignition protocols. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
34、 of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5660-1:2002, Reaction-to-fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate Part 1: Heat release rate (cone calorimeter method) ISO 5660-2:2002, Reaction-to-fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate Part
35、 2: Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement) ISO/TS 14934-4:2007 Fire tests Calibration of heat flux meters Part 4: Guidance on the use of heat flux meters in fire tests 3 Capability and limitations of the cone calorimeter Rate of heat release is one of the fundamental properties of fire and shou
36、ld almost always be taken into account in any assessment of f ire ha zard. Heat release sig nif ic ant ly af fec t s f ire g row t h. Considerable prog ress has been made in methods of using rate of heat release and ignition time results from the cone calorimeter to predict full scale fire character
37、istics. These characteristics include time to flashover in a small room lined with the tested product and exposed to a high energy fire source such as that used in ISO 9705. The design of the instrument also provides for measurement of smoke (both gravimetrically and optically) and other gaseous pro
38、ducts of pyrolysis or combustion. The instrument may thus be applied to the assessment of real fire hazards such as smoke and toxic and corrosive gas emission in addition to heat release, particularly when the results are expressed in terms of fundamental physically based parameters, rather than ad
39、hoc parameters. When functioning as a rate of heat release apparatus, the parameter which is measured in the exhaust from the specimen is the concentration of oxygen. Temperature measurements are made, but these are not used to measure the heat output from the specimen in the manner of a conventiona
40、l calorimeter. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 5660-3:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1 ISO/TS 5660-3:2012(E) This is a crucial point in understanding heat release by oxygen consumption calorimetry. The theory of oxygen consumption calorimetry is discussed in more detail in Clause 10. The instru
41、ment is limited to bench scale specimens and it uses a simple fire model which provides continuous free ventilation and removal of the products of combustion. Specimen behaviour during the experiment such as shrinking and swelling can be tolerated if this happens within small margins, but if the spe
42、cimen intumesces so that it touches the igniter or the cone, or if it exhibits spalling, this behaviour will invalidate the results generated. 4 Calibration of the cone calorimeter 4.1 General Regular and accurate calibration of several measuring devices is essential in order for valid results to be
43、 obtained from the cone calorimeter. The following calibration procedures are outlined in ISO 5660-1:2002, Clause 10 (respectively 10.1 to 10.3): preliminary calibration; operating calibration; less frequent calibrations. Table 1 gives details of the major calibration requirements together with reco
44、mmended intervals. Calibration procedures are to some extent controlled by the apparatus and the comments below may not apply to all makes of cone calorimeter. Some guidelines are given on actual operating experiences with these calibrations and follow the clause headings given in ISO 5660-1:2002. I
45、n addition there are some additional comments on low orifice calibration factors and the cause thereof. The clause numbers in parentheses refer to clauses given in ISO 5660-1:2002. 4.2 Heat flux meter calibration (see 6.12 and 10.3.1 of ISO 5660-1:2002) Detailed information on heat flux meter calibr
46、ation is provided in ISO/TS 14934-4:2007. Great care should be taken of the heat flux meter which is in regular use and care should be taken to use this always with water cooling. It should be checked regularly against a primary meter as set out in Annex E of ISO 5660-1:2002, to ensure its continued
47、 correct working. 4.3 Calibration frequency The setting of the required heat flux is set out in the manuals of the various instruments. Once a steady- state value has been obtained (fluctuations of 0,1C may occur) this value should be noted for future reference and act as an early warning of some ch
48、ange. In particular, users should ensure that the control thermocouples which should be situated behind and touching the heater helix (i.e. the face remote from the specimen) do not penetrate the heater helix and experience the temperature of the flame rather than that of the heater winding. Table 1
49、 provides information on the frequency of calibration of the instrumentation for the operation of the Cone Calorimeter.2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO/TS 5660-3:2012(E) Table 1 Frequency for calibration and maintenance procedures Equipment item Prior to run Daily Monthly Occasional a Drying/CO 2removal columns Check that unused portion is suffi- cient b Oxygen analyser Span Pressure/zero Analyser flow rates time offsets Main filter Check and replace if needed Soot mass filter Place in
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