【考研类试卷】2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷及答案解析.doc

1、2012 年山东大学考博英语真题试卷及答案解析(总分：114.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Grammar(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.All the major cities of the United States, _the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, began as centers of the trade.（分数：2.00）A.and to includeB.which includingC.includedD.including2.Settled by English Puritans in 163

2、0, Boston became_.（分数：2.00）A.the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyB.the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC.it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD.so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony3.Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine_they are heading.（分

3、数：2.00）A.the direction in whichB.to where the directionC.that direction of whichD.where the direction4.As seen from the Earth at night, _planet Jupiter ranks third among the planets and stars in maximum brightness, after Venus and Mars.（分数：2.00）A.when theB.in which theC.theD.and the5.The Monroe Doct

4、rine of 1823 was _of United States policy concerning the activities and rights of European powers in North and South America.（分数：2.00）A.when a statementB.as a statementC.a statementD.to a statement6.His_and unwillingness to learn from others prevent him from being an effective member of the team.（分数

5、：2.00）A.arroganceB.dignityC.humilityD.solitude7.Heavy rain in the south of England means that flooding is_.（分数：2.00）A.imminentB.momentousC.transientD.prospective8.Rachel was the_choice for the job thanks to her communication skills.（分数：2.00）A.unanimousB.genuineC.harmoniousD.agreeable9.I would like t

6、o express my_to you all for supporting me this summer as a visiting scholar in your department.（分数：2.00）A.satisfactionB.gratitudeC.pleasureD.sincerity10.The objective of this popular consultation is to determine,_, the final political status of the region, whether to remain of the country as a speci

7、al district, or to part from it.（分数：2.00）A.once upon a timeB.once and againC.all at onceD.once and for all11.The two countries will assign counter-drug officials to their respective embassies on a_ basis.（分数：2.00）A.fundamentalB.similarC.reciprocalD.reasonable12.Tennessees population is nearly two-fi

8、fths rural, and no single city or group of cities_the state.（分数：2.00）A.dominatesB.managesC.manipulatesD.controls13.We all know that in a situation like this a cool head is_.（分数：2.00）A.called forB.called offC.called onD.called up14.The destruction an earthquake causes depends on its _ and duration, o

9、r the amount of shaking that occurs.（分数：2.00）A.altitudeB.magnitudeC.multitudeD.aptitude15.The El Nino has_affected the regional weather and temperature over much of the tropics, sub-tropics and some mid-latitude areas.（分数：2.00）A.externallyB.consistentlyC.insistentlyD.internally16.During all these ye

10、ars of absence, he had_a tender feeling for his mother and the family.（分数：2.00）A.enclosedB.huggedC.enrichedD.cherished17.The_choice for a consumer, therefore, is the choice among the available ones that will enable him or her to maximize utility.（分数：2.00）A.optimalB.optionalC.opticalD.optimistic18.Mr

11、s. Smith_tears when she heard her daughter had died in the road accident.（分数：2.00）A.broke inB.broke upC.broke throughD.broke into19._a few years ago, the existence of sexual harassment in many businesses was scarcely acknowledged.（分数：2.00）A.BeforeB.SinceC.UntilD.Up to20.Jim was_asking his mother to

12、buy him a new bike, so she finally gave in.（分数：2.00）A.hesitant aboutB.concerned withC.eager forD.persistent in21.The whole village_by a sudden flood, they had to stay in tents.（分数：2.00）A.having been destroyedB.has been destroyedC.was destroyedD.had been destroyed22._may seem helpful behavior to you

13、can be understood as interference by others.（分数：2.00）A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.Which23.Because his movements were so_I was hardly aware he was moving at all.（分数：2.00）A.swiftB.obviousC.gracefulD.slight24.We tend to think the men we like are good for everything, and _we dont, good for nothing.（分数：2.00）A.onesB

14、.thoseC.the oneD.that25.The basic causes are unknown though certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been_.（分数：2.00）A.identifiedB.guaranteedC.notifiedD.conveyed26.Computers_5% of the countrys commercial electricity consumption.（分数：2.00）A.pay forB.stand forC.account forD.provide for27.In his l

15、ecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences_that of their families.（分数：2.00）A.rather thanB.other thanC.except forD.but for28.On the large board in the main hall of the airport, you can easily find the different destinations _which airlines c

16、an take you.（分数：2.00）A.inB.ofC.toD.by29.Fingerprints form an unchangeable mark_despite changes in the individuals appearance or age.（分数：2.00）A.markB.signC.remarkD.signature30.The two soldiers spent many years together, fighting _and sharing their victories and disappointments.（分数：2.00）A.face to face

17、B.side by sideC.back to backD.step by step二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：50.00)For office innovators, the unrealized dream of the “paperless“ office is a classic example of high-tech hubris(傲慢). Todays office drone is drowning in more paper than ever before.But after decades of hype, American offic

18、es may finally be losing their paper obsession. The demand for paper used to outstrip the growth of the US economy, but the past two or three years have seen a marked slowdown in sales despite a healthy economic scene. Analysts attribute the decline to such factors as advances in digital databases a

19、nd communication systems. Escaping our craving for paper, however, will be anything but an easy affair. “ Old habits are hard to break,“ says Merilyn Dunn, a communications supplies director. “ There are some functions that paper serves where a screen display doesnt work. Those functions are both it

20、s strength and its weakness. “ In the early to mid-1990s, a booming economy and improved desktop printers helped boost paper sales by 6 to 7 percent each year. The convenience of desktop printing allowed office workers to indulge in printing anything and everything at very little effort or cost. But

21、 now, the growth rate of paper sales in the United States is flattening by about half a percent each year. Between 2004 and 2005, Ms. Dunn says, plain white office paper will see less than a 4 percent growth rate, despite the strong overall economy. A primary reason for the change, says Dunn, is tha

22、t for the first time ever, some 47 percent of the workforce entered the job market after computers had already been introduced to offices. “Were finally seeing a reduction in the amount of paper being used per worker in the workplace,“ says John Maine, vice president of a pulp and paper economic con

23、sulting firm. “ More information is being transmitted electronically, and more and more people are comfortable with the information residing only in electronic form without printing multiple backups. “ In addition, Mr. Maine points to the lackluster employment market for white-collar workers the pri

24、mary driver of office paper consumption for the shift in paper usage. The real paradigm shift may be in the way paper is used. Since the advent of advanced and reliable office-network systems, data storage has moved away from paper archives. The secretarial art of “filing“ is disappearing from job d

25、escriptions. Much of todays data may never leave its original digital format. The changing attitudes toward paper have finally caught the attention of paper companies, says Richard Harper, a researcher at Microsoft. “ All of a sudden, the paper industry has started thinking, We need to learn more ab

26、out the behavioural aspects of paper use, “ he says. “They had never asked, theyd just assumed that 70 million sheets would be bought per year as a literal function of economic growth. “ To reduce paper use, some companies are working to combine digital and paper capabilities. For example, Xerox Cor

27、p. is developing electronic paper: thin digital displays that respond to a stylus, like a pen on paper. Notations can be erased or saved digitally. Another idea, intelligent paper, comes from Anoto Group. It would allow notations made with a stylus on a page printed with a special magnetic ink to si

28、multaneously appear on a computer screen. Even with such technological advances, the improved capabilities of digital storage continue to act against “ paperlessness,“ argues Paul Saffo, a technology forecaster. In his prophetic and metaphorical 1989 essay, “ The Electronic Pinata(彩罐),“ he suggests

29、that the increasing amounts of electronic data necessarily require more paper. The information industry today is like a huge electronic pinata, composed of a thin paper crust surrounding an electronic core, “ Mr. Saffo wrote. The growing paper crust “is most noticeable, but the hidden electronic cor

30、e that produces the crust is far larger and growing more rapidly. The result is that we are becoming paperless, but we hardly notice at all. “ In the same way that digital innovations have increased paper consumption, Saffo says, so has video conferencing with its promise of fewer in-person meetings

31、 boosting business travel. “Thats one of the great ironies of the information age,“ Saffo says. “Its just common sense that the more you talk to someone by phone or computer, it inevitably leads to a face-to-face meeting. The best thing for the aviation industry was the Internet. “（分数：10.00）(1).What

32、 function does the second sentence in the first paragraph serve?（分数：2.00）A.It further explains high-tech hubris.B.It confirms the effect of high-tech hubris.C.It offers a cause for high-tech hubris.D.It offers a contrast to high-tech hubris.(2).Which of the following is NOT a reason for the slowdown

33、 in paper sales?（分数：2.00）A.Workforce with better computer skills.B.Slow growth of the US economy.C.Changing patterns in paper use.D.Changing employment trends.(3).The two innovations by Xerox Corp. and Anoto Group feature_.（分数：2.00）A.integrated use of paper and digital formB.a shift from paper to di

34、gital formC.the use of computer screenD.a new style of writing(4).What does the author mean by “irony of the information age“?（分数：2.00）A.The dream of the “paperless“ office will be realized.B.People usually prefer to have face-to-face meetings.C.More digital data use leads to greater paper use.D.Som

35、e people are opposed to video-conferencing.(5).What is the authors attitude towards “paperlessness“?（分数：2.00）A.He reviews the situation from different perspectives.B.He agrees with some of the people quoted in the passage.C.He has a preference for digital innovations.D.He thinks airlines benefit mos

36、t from the digital age.The University in Transformation, edited by Australian futurists Sohail Inayatullah and Jennifer Gidley, presents some 20 highly varied outlooks on tomorrows universities by writers representing both Western and non-Western perspectives. Their essays raise a broad range of iss

37、ues, questioning nearly every key assumption we have about higher education today. The most widely discussed alternative to the traditional campus is the Internet University a voluntary community to scholars/teachers physically scattered throughout a country or around the world but all linked in cyb

38、erspace. A computerized university could have many advantages, such as easy scheduling, efficient delivery of lectures to thousands or even millions of students at once, and ready access for students everywhere to the resources of all the worlds great libraries. Yet the Internet University poses dan

39、gers, too. For example, a line of franchised courseware, produced by a few superstar teachers, marketed under the brand name of a famous institution, and heavily advertised, might eventually come to dominate the global education market, warns sociology professor Peter Manicas of the University of Ha

40、waii at Manoa. Besides enforcing a rigidly standardized curriculum, such a “college education in a box“ could undersell the offerings of many traditional brick and mortar institutions, effectively driving them out of business and throwing thousands of career academics out of work, note Australian co

41、mmunications professors David Rooney and Greg Hearn. On the other hand, while global connectivity seems highly likely to play some significant role in future higher education, that does not mean greater uniformity in course content or other dangers will necessarily follow. Counter-movements are also

42、 at work. Many in academia, including scholars contributing to this volume, are questioning the fundamental mission of university education. What if, for instance, instead of receiving primarily technical training and building their individual careers, university students and professors could focus

43、their learning and research efforts on existing problems in their local communities and the world? Feminist scholar Ivana Milojevic dares to dream what a university might become “ if we believed that child-care workers and teachers in early childhood education should be one of the highest(rather tha

44、n lowest)paid professionals?“ Co-editor Jennifer Gidley shows how tomorrows university faculty, instead of giving lectures and conducting independent research, may take on three new roles. Some would act as brokers, assembling customized degree-credit programmes for individual students by mixing and

45、 matching the best course offerings available from institutions all around the world. A second group, mentors, would function much like todays faculty advisers, but are likely to be working with many more students outside their own academic specialty. This would require them to constantly be learnin

46、g from their students as well as instructing them. A third new role for faculty, and in Gidleys view the most challenging and rewarding of all, would be as meaning-makers: charismatic sages and practitioners leading groups of students/colleagues in collaborative efforts to find spiritual as well as

47、rational and technological solutions to specific real-world problems. Moreover, there seems little reason to suppose that any one form of university must necessarily drive out all other options. Students may be “enrolled“ in courses offered at virtual campuses on the Internet, between or even during

48、 sessions at a real world problem focused institution. As co-editor Sohail Inayatullah points out in his introduction, no future is inevitable, and the very act of imagining and thinking through alternative possibilities can directly affect how thoughtfully, creatively and urgently even a dominant t

49、echnology is adapted and applied. Even in academia, the future belongs to those who care enough to work their visions into practical, sustainable realities.（分数：10.00）(1).When the book reviewer discusses the Internet University, _.（分数：2.00）A.he is in favour of itB.his view is balancedC.he is slightly critical of itD.he is strongly critical of it(2).Which of the following is NOT seen as a potential d