【考研类试卷】北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案解析.doc

1、北京大学 2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Part One: Listening (总题数：20，分数：20.00)暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺暂缺二、Part Two: Structure (总题数：20，分数：20.00)21._ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together. （分数：1.00）A.Had they arrivedB.Would they arri

2、veC.Were they arrivingD.Were they to arrive22._ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent. （分数：1.00）A.He would leave schoolB.He left schoolC.He had left schoolD.He has left school23.Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship betwee

3、n passive smoking and cancer remained _. （分数：1.00）A.to be shownB.to have been shownC.to have shownD.being shown24._ that should be given priority to. （分数：1.00）A.It is the committee has decidedB.It is only the committee has decidedC.It is what the committee has decidedD.It is what has the committee d

4、ecided25. The most interesting new cars may owe _ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work. （分数：1.00）A.less local free-spiritedness thanB.less local free-spiritedness than toC.to less local free-spiritedness than toD.less to local free-spiritedness than to26.Over t

5、he years, Jimmy Connors _ phenomenal displays of tennis and temperand at the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again. （分数：1.00）A.has treated spectators withB.has treated spectator forC.has treated spectatorsD.has treated spectators to27.Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are _ the

6、time middle-class students devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports. （分数：1.00）A.as hardly culturally enriching asB.as hardly enriching culture asC.hardly as culturally enriching asD.hardly as cultural enriching as28.The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, _, is money. （

7、分数：1.00）A.as is it across the countryB.as it is across the countryC.as it were across the countryD.as were it across the country29.Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually _. （分数：1.00）A.generate new seedsB.new seeds generatedC.generates new seedsD.new seeds are g

8、enerated30.The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _ leagues in virtually every sport. （分数：1.00）A.were home toB.was the home ofC.was home toD.was home of31.Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores have improved only _. （分数：1.00）A.marginallyB.marve

9、louslyC.martiallyD.markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had _ us accidentally on his way out of the town or if hed been deliberately tasked. （分数：1.00）A.crashed onB.bumped intoC.fallen againstD.puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short _, pigeons were kept

10、by many households as a source of food. （分数：1.00）A.storageB.reserveC.supplyD.provision34.The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reids _ about health problems. （分数：1.00）A.allegianceB.allianceC.allegationsD.alliteration35.The organization issued a cry of al

11、arm last week, citing “_ evidence” that those children are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers. （分数：1.00）A.comparingB.completingC.compellingD.composing36.Since no one could _ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him with another columnist. （分数：1.00）A.enco

12、deB.decipherC.clearD.identify37.Many Fine Art graduates take _ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty. （分数：1.00）A.downB.upC.outD.in38.The statement s

13、aid the people of Srebrenica _ to the presidents of the United States and France to help halt the offensive. （分数：1.00）A.arousedB.ascribedC.acclaimedD.appealed39.The professor stopped for a drink and then _ with his lecture on the Indian culture. （分数：1.00）A.proceededB.processedC.preferredD.presented4

14、0.Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not _ close examination. （分数：1.00）A.put up withB.keep up withC.stand up toD.look up to三、Part Three: Reading (总题数：3，分数：10.00)Passage One In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilizations every step in search of reality.

15、 Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that m

16、an can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really” are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Pauls Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have

17、 told all there is to tell.” Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He f

18、elt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because thats where they belong, and smoke goes up because thats where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why thin

19、gs happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation. （分数：3.00）(1). Bertrand Russells notion about electricity is _. （分数：1.00）A.disapproved of by most mo

20、dern scientistsB.in agreement with Aristotles theory of self-evident principlesC.in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happenD.in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen(2).The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed

21、 with the idea that _. （分数：1.00）A.there are self-evident principlesB.there are mysterious forces in the universeC.man cannot discover what forces “really” areD.we can discover why things behave as they do(3).The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means _ . （分数：1.00）A.consideredB.suspectedC.expected

22、D.engaged in buying and sellingPassage Two The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our fr

23、eedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear se

24、at belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a diffi

25、culty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do. A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and

26、it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of pers

27、onal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, p

28、ersonal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity. （分数：3.00）(1).The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because _. （分数：1.00）A.it is essential to personal freedom in American societyB.it h

29、elps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC.personal health choices help cure most illnessesD.wrong decisions could lead to poor health(2).Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because _. （分数：1.00）A.current medical knowledge is still insufficientB.there are many factors influenc

30、ing our decisionsC.people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friendsD.few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life(3).According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on _. （分数：1.00）A.personal decisionsB.societys lawsC.friends opinionsD.s

31、tatistical evidencePassage Three For gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional. A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a peri

32、od of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The sub

33、jects were studied for more than thirty years. The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitud

34、inal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testin

35、g. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudin

36、al studies can produce useful, direct information about development. A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a r

37、esearcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data. The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensi

38、ve to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-secti

39、onal methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods. （分数：4.00）(1). Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages

40、of a longitudinal research? （分数：1.00）A.The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.B.The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.C.The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.D.Social changes may be reflected in the behavior

41、s of the subjects participating in the study.(2).The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means _. （分数：1.00）A.dependentB.consecutiveC.determinedD.continual(3). Which of the following statements is true? （分数：1.00）A.The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.

42、B.The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.C.Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.D.Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes in intelligenc

43、e over a thirty-year period.(4).One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that _. （分数：1.00）A.the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjectsB.the former can be free from the influence of social changesC.the latte

44、r can be free from the influence of social changesD.the former costs less money and takes less timeII(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they

45、are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future. History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual

46、. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes a

47、nd that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive. (53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a s

48、ensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation. The great strength of history is its capacity

49、 for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (55) A nations history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens. （分数：15.00）(1).It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual.（分数：3.00）_