【考研类试卷】病毒的遗传分析、数量性状遗传分析及答案解析.doc

1、病毒的遗传分析、数量性状遗传分析及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The evolutionary process culminating in man was finally completed about 35,000 years ago with the appearance of Homo Sapiens, or “thinking man.“ (1) in broadest perspective, this represents the second major turning (2) in

2、 the course of (3) on this planet. The first occurred when life (4) out of inorganic matter. After that momentous (5) , all living forms evolved by adapting (6) their environment, as was evident during the climate turmoil of the Pleistocene. But with the (7) of man, the evolutionary process was (8)

3、. No longer did genes adapt to environment. Instead, man adapted by changing the environment to (9) his genes. Today, a third (10) turning point appears (11) , as mans growing knowledge of the structure and function of genes may soon enable him to (12) his genes as well as his environment.Man, and o

4、nly man, has been able to create a made-to-order environment, or culture, as it is called. The reason is (13) only man can symbolize, or (14) things and concepts divorced from here-and-now reality. Only he laughs, and only he knows that he will die. Only he has wondered (15) the universe and its ori

5、gins, about his place in it and in the hereafter.With these unique and revolutionizing abilities, man has been able to (16) with his environment without alteration. His culture in the new no biological way of having fur in the Arctic, water storage in the desert, and fins in the water. More concrete

6、ly, culture (17) tools, clothing, ornaments, institutions, language, art forms, and religious beliefs and (18) . All these have served to adapt man to his physical environment and to his fellowman. Indeed, story of man is simply the story of a (19) of cultures that he has created, form his Paleolith

7、ic (20) to the present day.（分数：10.00）(1).A Reviewed B Viewed C Probed D Prospected（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A way B point C mark D moment（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A accidents B incidents C actions D events（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A originated B evolved C developed D grew（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A step B aspect C stat

8、e D phase（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A to B towards C for D at（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A appearance B disappearance C complexion D feature（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A contradicted B reversed C contrasted D returned（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A adapt B suit C fit D agree（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A invalid B epochal C periodical

9、 D ineffective（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A eminent B imminent C prominent D dominant（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A maintain B modify C dispose D diversify（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A that B because C for D why（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A revise B reveal C envision D muse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A about B on C at D in（分数：0.5

10、0）A.B.C.D.(16).A cope B agree C cohere D contend（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A consists of B conceives of C combines with D shut out（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A practices B suspicions C formalities D thoughts（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A success B procession C succession D consequence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A origins B

11、 resources C roots D sources（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444 1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing

12、in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticellis work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic

13、art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticellis work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure c

14、hurches and private homes. )The primary reason for Botticellis unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the midnineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional chara

15、cteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.Another reason for Botticellis unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very differen

16、t from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art.

17、In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticellis work to the tradition of fifteenth-century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre Raphaelite movement, as well as

18、 by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticellis personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticellis work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention un

19、til it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human fi

20、gure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves-rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Homes emphasis crucial to any study of

21、art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Bottieellis achievements.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A The Role of Standard Art Analyses and Appraisals.B Sandro Botticelli: From Rejection to Appreciation.C Causes for Botticellis Rejection in Earlier Ti

22、mes.D Botticelli and Florentine: A Comparative Study.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).We can learn from the text that art critics have a history ofA suppressing painters art initiatives.B favoring a Botticellis best paintings.C rejecting traditional art characteristics.D undervaluing Botticellis achievements.（分

23、数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The views of Vasari and Home on Botticellis products areA identical.B complementary.C opposite.D similar.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “connoisseurs“ (Paragraph 1) most probably meansA representatives in the Pre-Raphaelite Movement.B people who are in favor of Florentine.C critics

24、 who are likely to make assessments.D conservatives clinging to classical art.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What does the author think of Botticellis representation skills?A They are to be fully appreciated.B They evolve from an uncertain source.C They underlie his personality.D They conform to the classical

25、 style.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Any day now, the federal Department of Education will formally propose new regulations that would cut off federal aid to for-profit colleges whose graduates cannot earn enough to repay their student loans.The regulations, known as the “gainful employme

26、nt“ rules, are an effort to rein in the high debt loads students take on when they enroll in for-profit colleges that offer certificates or degrees in fields like nursing or culinary arts. Students at for-profit colleges are much more likely than others to default on their loans. Under the regulatio

27、ns, a draft of which came out in February, for-profit colleges would not be eligible to receive federal student aid if their graduates debt load was too high to be repaid, over 10 years, with 8 percent of their starting salary.The Career College Association, which represents 1,450 for-profit college

28、s, is lobbying fiercely against the regulations, which it argues are wrong-headed, unnecessary and likely to restrict needy students access to vocational training and higher education. With so many community colleges overcrowded, the for-profit colleges say, their programs represent the nations best

29、 hope for training much-needed health care workers and technicians.Arne Duncan, the Secretary of Education, has avoided demonizing the for-profit schools. In a May speech, he said that despite a “few bad apples,“ for-profit colleges play a vital role in helping the nation reach the Obama administrat

30、ions goal of having the worlds best-educated work force by 2020.Advocacy groups representing students and consumers are less diplomatic. “These programs over-promise, underdeliver and load vulnerable students up with way too much debt,“ said Chris Lindstrom, higher education program director at the

31、U. S. Public Interest Research Group, part of a coalition of education, consumer, student and public interest groups supporting the regulations. In 2007, coalition members said, students at for-profit colleges made up only 7 percent of those in higher education hut 44 percent of those defaulting on

32、federal student loans.Adding new fuel to the fire was a recent presentation at a New York conference for investors by Steven Eisman, a hedge-fund manager known for having anticipated the housing market crash. Mr. Eisman, whose early awareness of structural problems in the housing market is described

33、 in Michael Lewiss bestseller The Big Short, said the for-profit education industry, like the subprime mortgage industry, has rested on the proliferation of loans to low-income people who would not be able to repay them.Federal law has long said that federal student aid can go only to for-profit col

34、leges that “prepare student for gainful employment in a recognized occupation. “ But this is the governments first effort to define “gainful employment“ in relation to graduates debt-to-income loads. “With a record number of students attending programs that are subject to this requirement, and a rec

35、ord amount of taxpayer money being used to enable them to attend, its more important than ever to make sure theyre getting their moneys worth,“ said Pauline Abernathy, vice president of the Institute for College Access and Success.（分数：10.00）(1).The objective of the new regulations is toA punish thos

36、e students who refuse to repay their loans.B reduce the loans to those students unable to pay back.C sort out and punish the students who default on their loans.D reassess the eligibility for receiving federal student aid.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Faced with cuts in federal aid,A for-profit colleges are

37、in a fight.B students cannot afford their tuition.C students turn to other financial aids.D for-profit colleges have changed their enrolment policy.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It is implied that what Duncan has saidA has seriously annoyed for-pr0fit colleges.B is very abusive to students.C supports for-pro

38、fit colleges.D is very cautious and tactful.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Supporters of the new regulation accuse for-profit colleges ofA not helping their students pay back loans.B ignoring the moral education of their students.C not giving their students “gainful employment. “D actually encouraging their s

39、tudents to default on loans.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What Pauline Abernathy said in the last paragraphA contradicts Eismans conclusion about the students.B lends active support to the new regulations.C disclaims the liability of for-profit colleges.D redefines the concept of “gainful employment. /（分数：2.

40、00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A very important world problem, if not the most serious of all the great world problems which affect us at the moment, is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support

41、the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.In an early survey conducted in 1888, a billion and a half people inhabited the earth. Now, the population exceeds five billion and is growing fast-by the staggering figure of 90 million in 1988 alone. This means that the world must acc

42、ommodate a new population roughly equal to that of the United States and Canada every three years! Even though the rate of growth has begun to slow down, most experts believe the population size will still pass eight billion during the next 50 years.So why is this huge increase in population taking

43、place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control“. You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control“-“ Death Control“ is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, no

44、t very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and sanitation, as well as the control of these deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die-creating a population expl

45、osion. We used to think that reaching seventy years old was a remarkable achievement, but now eighty or even ninety is becoming recognized as the normal life-span for humans. In a sense, this represents a tremendous achievement for our species. Biologically this is the very definition of success and

46、 we have undoubtedly become the dominant animal on the planet. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.Man is constantly destroying the very resources which keep him alive. He is destroying the balance of nature which regulates climate and the atmosphere, produces a

47、nd maintains healthy soils, provides food from the seas, etc. In short, by only considering our needs of today, we are ensuring there will be no tomorrow.An understanding of mans effect on the balance of nature is crucial to be able to find the appropriate remedial action. It is a very common belief

48、 that the problems of the population explosion are caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough to limit their reproduction. This is not true. The actual number of people in an area is not as important as the effect they have on nature. Developing countries do have an

49、 effect on their environment, but it is the populations of richer countries that have a far greater impact on the earth as a whole.The birth of a baby in, for example, Japan, imposes more than a hundred times the amount of stress on the worlds resources as a baby in India. Most people in India do not grow up to own ca