【考研类试卷】考博英语-136及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语-136 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart I Reading (总题数：4，分数：20.00)BDirections:/B There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and

2、 mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.BPassage 1/BOne of the youngest independent countries in the Western Hemisphere, Trinidad and Tobago, became a nation on August 31, 1962. For a long time this nation has attracted touristsit is the home of c

3、alypso music and limbo dancingand in recent years its healthy economy has attracted investors as well.Trinidad and Tobago is a single country composed of two islands Trinidad, with the majority of the countrys 900,000 inhabitants, is a rectangle of roughly fifty by forty miles. Tobago, nineteen mile

4、s to the north, is smaller and has a population of about 35,000.Situated at the end of the long chain of Windward and Leeward Islands, Trinidad is at one point only seven miles off the coast of Venezuela. Its geology, flora, and fauna are similar to those of the South American mainland. Like Venezue

5、la, the backbone of Trinidad and Tobagos economy is petroleum and its first colonists were Spaniards.Three mountain ranges, with summits of up to 3,000 feet, cross Trinidad from east to west, while Tobago is a relatively flat coral island, rimmed with fine beaches. The broad plains between Trinidads

6、 mountain ranges are dominated by vast fields of sugar cane that present a symmetrical green pattern when seen from the air. A closer inspection reveals the coconut plantations along the coast and the profusion of brilliant red and yellow flowers of various species that are found all over the island

7、. Houses on both islands tend to be light-colored, with an open style of architecture, in many cases with open space under the entire dwelling. Port-of-Spain, the capital, is a bustling modern city where the pulse of the people reflects Britist, Spanish, and East Indian influences.（分数：5.00）(1).The t

8、itle below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：1.00）A.Trinidad and Tobago, A Young CountryB.Two IslandsC.Trinidads Attraction to TouristsD.Sugar Cane Production(2).Tobagos area is _.（分数：1.00）A.approximately 2,000 square milesB.less than 2,000 square milesC.19 miles from Trinid

9、adD.more than 2,000 square miles(3).The flowers of Trinidad resemble those of _.（分数：1.00）A.CubaB.Puerto RicoC.Windward IslandsD.Venezuela(4).Trinidads economy depends on _.（分数：1.00）A.sugar caneB.coconutsC.touristsD.oil(5).Sugar cane grows best _.（分数：1.00）A.in mountainous areasB.along the coastC.in v

10、alleysD.in coral islandsBPassage 2/BObserve the dilemma of the fungus: it is a plant, but it possesses no chlorophyl. While all other plants put the suns energy to work for them combining the nutrients of ground and air into body structure, the chlorophylless fungus must look elsewhere for an energy

11、 supply. It finds it in those other plants which, having received their energy free from the sun, relinquish it at some point in their cycle either to other animals (like us humans) or to fungi.In this search for energy the fungus has become the earth s major source of rot and decay. Wherever you se

12、e mold forming on a piece of bread, or a pile of leaves turning to compost, or a blown-down tree becoming pulp on the ground, you are watching a fungus eating. Without fungus action the earth would be piled high with the dead plant life of past centuries. In fact, certain plants which contain resins

13、 that are toxic to fungi will last indefinitely. Specimens of the redwood, for instance, can still be found resting on the forest floor centuries after having been blown down.（分数：5.00）(1).The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：1.00）A.Life without ChlorophylB.The S

14、ource of Rot and DecayC.The Harmul Qualities of FungiD.The Strange World of the Fungus(2).The statement “you are watching a fungus eating“ is best described as _.（分数：1.00）A.figurativeB.ironicalC.parentheticalD.joking(3).The author implies that fungi _.（分数：1.00）A.are responsible for all the worlds ro

15、t and decayB.cannot live completely apart from other plantsC.attack plants in order to kill themD.are poisonous to resin-producing plants(4).The author uses the word “dilemma“ to indicate that _.（分数：1.00）A.the fungus is both helpful and harmful in its effectsB.no one understands how a fungus livesC.

16、fungi are not really plantsD.the fungus seems to have its own biological laws(5).Which word best describes the fungus as depicted in the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Quixotic.B.Sporadic.C.Enigmatic.D.Parasitic.BPassage 3/BIn their world of darkness, it would seem likely that some of the animals might have bec

17、ome blind, as has happened to some cave fauna. So, indeed, many of them have, compensating for the lack of eyes with marvelously developed feelers and long, slender fins and processes with which they grope their way, like so many blind men with canes, their whole knowledge of friends, enemies, or fo

18、od coming to them through the sense of touch.The last traces of plant life are left behind in the thin upper layer of water for no plant can live below about 600 feet even in very clear water, and few find enough sunlight for their food-manufacturing activities below 200 feet. Since no animal can ma

19、ke its own food, the creatures of the deeper waters live a strange, almost parasitic existence of utter dependence on the upper layers. These hungry carnivores prey fiercely and relentlessly upon each other, yet the whole community is ultimately dependent upon the slow rain of descending food partic

20、les from above. The components of this never-ending rain are the dead and dying plants and animals from the surface, or from one of the intermediate layers. For each of the horizontal zones or communities of the sea that lie between the surface and the sea bottom, the food supply is different and in

21、 general poorer than for the layer above.Pressure, darkness, and silence are the conditions of life in the deep sea. But we know now that the conception of the sea as a silent place is wholly false. Wide experience with hydrophones and other listening devices for the detection of submarines has prov

22、ed that, around the shore lines of much of the world, there is the extraordinary uproar produced by fishes, shrimps, porpoises and probably other forms not yet identified. There has been little investigation as yet of sound in the deep, offshore areas, but when the crew of the Atlantis lowered a hyd

23、rophone into deep water off Bermuda, they recorded strange mewing sounds, shrieks, and ghostly moans, the sources of which have not been traced. But fish of shallower zones have been captured and confined in aquaria, where their voices have been recorded for comparison with sounds heard at sea, and

24、in many cases satisfactory identification can be made.During the Second World War the hydrophone network set up by the United States Navy to protect the entrance to Chesapeake Bay was temporarily made useless when, in the spring of 1942, the speakers at the surface began to give forth, every evening

25、, a sound described as being like “a pneumatic drill tearing up pavement“. The extraneous noises that came over the hydrophones completely masked the sounds of the passage of ships. Eventually it was discovered that the sounds were the voices of fish known as croakers, which in the spring move into

26、Chesapeake Bay from the offshore wintering grounds. As soon as the noise had been identified and analyzed, it was possible to screen it out with an electric filter, so that once more only the sounds of ships came thorugh the speakers.（分数：5.00）(1).Many underwater animals cannot see because _.（分数：1.00

27、）A.the lack of light has gradually eliminated their capacity to seeB.they use sound waves instead of light to navigate in the darknessC.they have learned to survive without seeing their enemies or their preyD.their sense of touch has eliminated their need to see(2).According to the text, which of th

28、e following is NOT a use for a hydrophone?（分数：1.00）A.To listen to the sound of undersea fauna.B.To search for unknown species of fish and other creatures.C.To monitor the passing of surface vessels.D.To detect submerged submarines.(3).Animals that live near the bottom of the sea are most likely to b

29、e carnivorous because _.（分数：1.00）A.they have developed sharp teeth and strong jaws with which to kill their preyB.plants that grow far below the surface are not edibleC.animals cannot make their own food, so they eat each otherD.most surface vegetation is eaten before it sinks to the bottom of the s

30、ea(4).Which of the following statements about the state of oceanographic research does the text most clearly support?（分数：1.00）A.Undersea research is still incomplete.B.Technology used in undersea studies is still in a very primitive stage of development.C.More undersea research is conducted near sho

31、re than in mid ocean.D.Military researchers have made several momentous discoveries about undersea life.(5).The authors main purpose in the text is to _.（分数：1.00）A.show that the United States coast was threatened by the enemy in World War B.explain some of the complexities of deepsea lifeC.illustrat

32、e the main problems faced by undersea researchersD.gain public support for oceanographic expeditionsBPassage 4/BThe mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded fo

33、r the establishment of asylums in which people could receive human care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislature

34、s were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Ment

35、al institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.These conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphili

36、s of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vails Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were s

37、low in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate Americas prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons- the hospitals for the criminal

38、ly insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy“ and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use

39、of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wr

40、ong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures.Judicial interventions have ha

41、d some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility f

42、or delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental healty administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance t

43、o assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.（分数：5.00）(1).The main purpose of the passage is to _.（分数：1.00）A.provide a historical perspective on problems of mental health careB.increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally illC.shock the reader with vivid descriptions

44、of asylumsD.describe the invention of new treatments for mental illness(2).The authors attitude toward people who are patients in state institutions can best be described as _.（分数：1.00）A.inflexible and insensitiveB.detached and neutralC.understanding and sympatheticD.enthusiastic and supportive(3).I

45、t can be inferred from the passage that, had the Civil Rights movement not prompted an investigation of prison conditions, _.（分数：1.00）A.states would never have established asylums for the mentally illB.new treatments for major mental illness would have likely remained untestedC.the Civil Rights move

46、ment in America would have been politically ineffectiveD.conditions in mental hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny(4).The tone of the final paragraph can best be described as _.（分数：1.00）A.overly emotionalB.cleverly deceptiveC.cautiously optimisticD.fiercely independent(5).According to the

47、passage, mental hospital conditions were radically changed because of _.（分数：1.00）A.a group of young angry men in the 1900sB.active young lawyers in the 1960sC.innocent insane patients protestD.powerful court interventions二、BPart Vocabula(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.An investigation that is _ can occasionally

48、yield new facts, even notable ones, but typically the appearance of such facts is the result of a search in a definite direction.（分数：0.50）A.timelyB.unguidedC.consistentD.subjective2._, the factories had not closed, and those who needed work most were given a chance to survive during the econmic disa

49、ster.（分数：0.50）A.UnintentionallyB.MercifullyC.ImportunatelyD.Tragically3.The painting was larger than it appeared to be. For, hanging in a darkened recess of the chapel, it was _ by the perspective.（分数：0.50）A.improvedB.embellishedC.jeopardizedD.diminished4.Some customs travel well. Often, however, behavior that is considered the epitome of at home is perceived as impossibily rude or, at the least, harmlessly bizarre abroad.（分数