【考研类试卷】考博英语-153及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语-153 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Listenin(总题数：4，分数：48.00)BPart A/BBPassage 1/BCities develop as a result of functions that they can perform, some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surroundin

2、g hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves

3、 physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situat

4、ion, it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the worlds finest large farming regions. These factors ensured that C

5、hicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity.Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York Citys importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philad

6、elphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New Yorks location at the western end of one of the worlds most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterla

7、nd. This account does not alone explain New Yorks primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characte

8、ristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A

9、The development of trade routes through United States cities.B.Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States.C.Historical differences among three large United States cities.D.The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities.(2).The passage suggests that a geographe

10、r would consider a citys soil type part of its _ .（分数：2.00）A.hinterlandB.situationC.siteD.function(3).According to the passage, a citys situation is more important than its site in regard to the citys _ .（分数：2.00）A.long-term growth and prosperityB.ability to protect its citizenryC.possession of favo

11、rable weather conditionsD.need to import food supplies(4).The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicagos location EXCEPT its _ .（分数：2.00）A.hinterlandB.nearness to a large lakeC.position in regard to transport routesD.flat terrain(5).The primary purpose of Paragraph 1 is to _ .

12、分数：2.00）A.summarize past research and introduce a new studyB.describe a historical periodC.emphasize the advantages of one theory over anotherD.define a term and illustrate it with an exampleBPassage 2/BThe two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crushe

13、r claw is short and stout; the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the fight side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crasher cla

14、w appears with equal probability on either the right side or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage

15、of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmer. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw i

16、nvariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and regenerate claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that th

17、e conditions that trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact, but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determines their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes t

18、he crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causi

19、ng it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a ha

20、bitat where they drift passively, to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by borrowing in the substrate.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric claws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juv

21、enile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a ma nipulable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both

22、claws.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage is primarily concerned with _ .（分数：2.00）A.drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB.developing a method for predicating whether crusher claws in lobster will appear on the left or right sideC.explaining differences between lobsters cru

23、sher claws and cutter clawsD.discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined in lobsters(2).Which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmer?（分数：2.00）A.A left cutter like claw is removed in the fifth

24、stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B.A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.C.A left cutter like claw is removed in the six stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.D.A left cutter like claw is removed in the fo

25、urth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are _ .（分数：2.00）A.likely to be less active

26、B.likely to be less symmetricalC.more likely to replace a crusher claw with a cutter clawD.more likely to regenerate a lost claw(4).Which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?（分数：2.00）A.The loss of a claw duri

27、ng the third or earlier stage of development.B.The lose of claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development.C.The loss of a claw during the sixth stage of development.D.Development in an environment devoid of material that can be manipulated.(5).The author regards the idea that differentiation i

28、s triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as _ .（分数：2.00）A.irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmas observationsB.likely in view of present evidenceC.contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD.purely speculative because it is based on scattere

29、d research and experimentationBPart B/BThe earth is witnessing an urban revolution, as people worldwide crowd into towns and cities. In 1800 only five per cent of the worlds population were urban dwellers; now the proportion has risen to more than forty-five percent, and by the year 2010 more people

30、 will live in towns and cities than in the countryside. Humanity will, for the first time, have become a predominantly urban species.Though the world is getting more crowded by the day, absolute numbers of population are less important than where people concentrate and whether these areas can cope w

31、ith them. Even densities, however, tell us nothing about the quality of the infrastructureroads, housing and job creation, for exampleor the availability of crucial services.The main question, then, is not how many people there are in a given area, but how well their needs can be met. Density figure

32、s have to be set beside measurements of wealth and employment, the quality of housing and the availability of education, medical care, clean water, sanitation and other vital services. The urban revolution is taking place mainly in the Third World, where it is hardest to accommodate.Between 1950 and

33、 1985 the number of city dwellers grew more than twice as fast in the Third World as in industrialized countries. During this period, the urban population of the developed world increased from 477 million to 838 million, less than double; but it quadrupled in developing countries, from 286 million t

34、o 1.14 billion. Africas urban population is racing along at five percent a year on average, doubling city numbers every fourteen years. By the turn of the century, three in every four Latin Americans will live in urban areas, as will two in every five Asians and one in every three Africans. Developi

35、ng countries will have to increase their urban facilities by two thirds by then, if they are to maintain even their present inadequate levels of services and housing.In 1940 only one out of every hundred of the worlds people lived in a really big city, one with a population of over a million. By 198

36、0 this proportion had already risen to one in ten. Two of the worlds biggest cities, Mexico and Sao Paulo, are already bursting at the seamsand their populations are doubling in less than twenty years.About a third of the people of the Third Worlds cities now live in desperately overcrowded slums an

37、d squatter settlements. Many are unemployed, uneducated, undernourished and chronically sick. Tens of millions of new people arrive every year, flocking in from the countryside in what is the greatest mass migration in history.Pushed out of the countryside by rural poverty and drawn to the cities in

38、 the hope of a better life, they find no houses waiting for them, no water supplies, no sewerage, no schools. They throw up makeshift hovels, built of whatever they can find. sticks, fronds, cardboard, tar-paper, straw, petrol tins and, if they are lucky, corrugated iron. They have to take the land

39、none else wants; land that is too wet, too dry, too steep or too polluted for normal habitation.Yet all over the world the inhabitants of these apparently hopeless slums show extraordinary enterprise in improving their lives. While many settlements remain stuck in apathy, many others are gradually i

40、mproved through the vigour and co-operation of their people, who turn flimsy shacks into solid buildings, build school, lay out streets and put in electricity and water supplies.Governments can help by giving the squatters the right to the land that they have usually occupied illegally, giving them

41、the incentive to improve their homes and neighborhoods. The most important way to ameliorate the effects of the Third Worlds exploding cities, however, is to slow down the migration. This involves correcting the bias most governments show towards cities and towns and against the countryside. With fe

42、w sources of hard currency, though, many governments in developing countries continue to concentrate their limited development efforts in cities and towns, rather than rural areas, where many of the most destitute live. As a result, food production falls as the countryside slides ever deeper into de

43、pression.Since the process of urbanization concentrates people, the demand for basic necessities, like food, energy, drinking water and shelter, is also increased, which can exact a heavy toll on the surrounding countryside. High-quality agricultural land is shrinking in many regions, taken out of p

44、roduction because of over-use and mismanagement. Creeping urbanization could aggravate this situation, further constricting economic development.The most effective way of tackling poverty, and of stemming urbanization, is to reverse national priorities in many countries, concentrating more resources

45、 in rural areas where most poor people still live. This would boost food production and help to build national economies more securely.Ultimately, though, the choice of priorities comes down to a question of power. The people of the countryside are powerless beside those of the towns; the destitute

46、of the countryside may starve in their scattered millions, whereas the poor concentrated in urban slums pose a constant threat of disorder. In all but a few developing countries the bias towards the Cities will therefore continue, as will the migrations that are swelling their numbers beyond control

47、分数：12.00）(1).The purpose of the passage is _ .（分数：2.00）A.to warn about the dangers of revolutions in townsB.to warn about the possibility of a population explosionC.to suggest governments should change their prioritiesD.to suggest governments invest in more housing in cities(2).The urban populatio

48、n of the world _ .（分数：2.00）A.has risen to around forty percent in the last 200 yearsB.will have risen to more than fifty percent by the year 2010C.has risen by forty-five percent since 1800D.will live in cities for the first time(3).The most important factor is _ .（分数：2.00）A.the quality of the infra

49、structure and servicesB.where people are concentratedC.wealth and employmentD.density figures and measurements(4).A third of the people in Third World cities _ .（分数：2.00）A.live in Mexico and Sao PauloB.are undernourished and illC.live in inadequate housingD.arrived last year(5).Many Third World city dwellers _ .（分数：2.00）A.start their own business enterprisesB.create their own infrastructure and servicesC.sleep in the streetsD.form peoples co-operatives(6).Governments give _