【考研类试卷】考博英语-190及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语-190 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：2，分数：100.00)Nowadays the scattering of galaxies and the astounding abundance of stars are forcing those who ponder such matters to a further adjustment of their concept of the place and function of a man in the material universe. In the history of the

2、1 human mind, with its increasing knowledge of the surrounding 2 , there must have been a time when the philosophers of the 3 tribes began to realize that the world was not simply centered on a man himself. The geocentric concept, which accepted a universe centered on the earth, then became common 4

3、 . The second adjustment in the understanding of a man“s 5 to the physical universe was not generally acceptable 6 the sixteenth century. Copernican revolution soundly 7 the heliocentric conceptthe theory of a universe 8 on the sun. A man is a stubborn adherent to official dogma; 9 , however, he acc

4、epted the sun as the center. Then, forty years ago, came the need for a third adjustment. This 10 has deeply exploded a man“s pride and 11 , for it has carried with it the knowledge of the 12 number of galaxies. The galactocentric universe 13 puts the earth and its life near the 14 of one great gala

5、xy in a universe of millions of galaxies. A man becomes peripheral among the billions of stars of his own Milky Way; and, according to the revelations of paleontology and geochemistry, he is 15 and apparently transient in the 16 of cosmic time. The downgrading of the earth and sun and the elevation

6、of the galaxies is not the end of this 17 of scientific pilgrims through philosophic fields. The need for another 18 adjustment now 19 not wholly unexpected by scientists, 20 wholly the result of one or two scientific revelations. Our new problem concerns the spread of life throughout the universe.

7、As unsolicited spokesmen for all the earthly organisms of land, sea, and air, we ask the thrilling question: are we alone?（分数：50.00）A.ingeniousB.evolvingC.creativeD.eligibleA.contextB.climateC.territoryD.scopeA.antiqueB.ethnicC.civilizedD.primitiveA.dataB.doctrineC.estimateD.senseA.interpretationB.i

8、nteractionC.humiliationD.relationA.beforeB.unlessC.untilD.becauseA.establishedB.institutedC.highlightedD.justifiedA.concentratedB.cementedC.imposedD.centeredA.consequentlyB.eventuallyC.simultaneouslyD.plausiblyA.transferenceB.transplantationC.translationD.transformationA.self-esteemB.self-assuranceC

9、.self-analysisD.self-preservationA.illusionaryB.prohibitiveC.appallingD.intrinsicA.merelyB.suddenlyC.barelyD.unusuallyA.pleaB.edgeC.questD.riotA.recentB.alienC.saneD.divineA.elapseB.fraudC.radiationD.collapseA.companyB.adaptationC.progressD.enhancementA.amazingB.gorgeousC.hypocriticalD.invariableA.o

10、utragesB.emergesC.recedesD.retreatsA.orB.norC.soD.or elseThe ordinary family colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus children were 21 in terms of their productivity, and they 22 the role of producer quite early. 2

11、3 they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of 24 , and their psychological needs and capacities received 25 consideration. 26 the society becomes more complex, the 27 of children in the family and in the society becomes more important. In the complex, technolog

12、ical society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of 28 and occupational roles and be in 29 contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as 30 acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are 31 more as people i

13、n their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as 32 participants in the contemporary family is 33 in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs 34 exclusively to their well-being. This new view of children an

14、d the increasing contact between the members of society has also 35 in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring 36 the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to 37 the details of the socialization of another pers

15、on“s child by spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing. The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States is a two-way transaction between parents and children 38 a one-way, parent-to-child training programs. As a consequence, socializing c

16、hildren and living with them over a long 39 of time is for parents a mixture of 40 , satisfaction, and problems.（分数：50.00）A.dismissedB.valuedC.scornedD.rearedA.neglectedB.assumedC.enhancedD.resumedA.Even ifB.UntilC.Given thatD.BeforeA.subordinationB.superiorityC.cooperationD.convictionA.muchB.little

17、C.someD.anyA.WhenB.AsC.AlthoughD.IfA.statusB.boomC.legacyD.menaceA.personalB.eligibleC.fabulousD.foulA.fragileB.constantC.futileD.voidA.simultaneouslyB.consequentlyC.particularlyD.potentiallyA.confinedB.assimilatedC.regardedD.examinedA.equalB.activeC.earnestD.recruitedA.reflectedB.markedC.stainedD.s

18、electedA.subjectedB.entitledC.devotedD.adaptedA.resultedB.involvedC.caughtD.immersedA.withB.onC.inD.toA.influenceB.impressC.effectD.restrainA.rather thanB.other thanC.less thanD.better thanA.companyB.periodC.rangeD.extensionA.admissionB.pleasureC.nuisanceD.concession考博英语-190 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分

19、钟)一、Cloze(总题数：2，分数：100.00)Nowadays the scattering of galaxies and the astounding abundance of stars are forcing those who ponder such matters to a further adjustment of their concept of the place and function of a man in the material universe. In the history of the 1 human mind, with its increasing

20、knowledge of the surrounding 2 , there must have been a time when the philosophers of the 3 tribes began to realize that the world was not simply centered on a man himself. The geocentric concept, which accepted a universe centered on the earth, then became common 4 . The second adjustment in the un

21、derstanding of a man“s 5 to the physical universe was not generally acceptable 6 the sixteenth century. Copernican revolution soundly 7 the heliocentric conceptthe theory of a universe 8 on the sun. A man is a stubborn adherent to official dogma; 9 , however, he accepted the sun as the center. Then,

22、 forty years ago, came the need for a third adjustment. This 10 has deeply exploded a man“s pride and 11 , for it has carried with it the knowledge of the 12 number of galaxies. The galactocentric universe 13 puts the earth and its life near the 14 of one great galaxy in a universe of millions of ga

23、laxies. A man becomes peripheral among the billions of stars of his own Milky Way; and, according to the revelations of paleontology and geochemistry, he is 15 and apparently transient in the 16 of cosmic time. The downgrading of the earth and sun and the elevation of the galaxies is not the end of

24、this 17 of scientific pilgrims through philosophic fields. The need for another 18 adjustment now 19 not wholly unexpected by scientists, 20 wholly the result of one or two scientific revelations. Our new problem concerns the spread of life throughout the universe. As unsolicited spokesmen for all t

25、he earthly organisms of land, sea, and air, we ask the thrilling question: are we alone?（分数：50.00）A.ingeniousB.evolving C.creativeD.eligible解析：解析 evolving 表示“进化”。本题考查词义辨析。文章意思指：“在人类进化的历史中”。而 A项 ingenious“(人、头脑)灵巧的；足智多谋的”，C 项 creative“创造性的，有创造力的”和 D项eligible“有条件被选中的，有恰当资格的”均不符合题意。A.context B.climateC

26、.territoryD.scope解析：解析 context“(人、事、物存在于其中的)背景，环境”。根据文章一致性的原则，该词与上文的 place形成一种照应。而 B项 climate“(某一社会、时期等的)风气、潮流；环境气氛”，C 项territory“(活动、知识、思想等的)范围，领域”和 D项 scope“(活动，影响等的)范围”均不符合题意。A.antiqueB.ethnicC.civilizedD.primitive 解析：解析 primitive“原始的，上古的；早期的”。本题考查词义辨析。文章意思指：“原始部族的哲学家们开始认识到世界不仅仅是以人类自己为中心”。而 A项 an

27、tique“古时的；古老的，自古就存在的”，B 项 ethnic“种族的；种族上的”和 C项 civilized“文明的，开化的”均不符合题意。A.dataB.doctrine C.estimateD.sense解析：解析 doctrine“教义，教条，主义”。根据文章一致性的原则，该词与下文的 dogma形成一种照应。而 A项 data“数据，资料”，C 项 estimate“看法；评价；判断”和 D项 sense“辨别力；判断力；鉴赏力；认识”均不符合题意。A.interpretationB.interactionC.humiliationD.relation 解析：解析 relation

28、“(事物间的)关系，关联”。根据文章一致性的原则，该词与上文中的 place and function形成一种照应。而 A项 interpretation“解释，说明，阐明”，B 项。interaction“相互作用；相互影响”和 C项 humiliation“屈辱，耻辱”均不符合题意。A.beforeB.unlessC.until D.because解析：解析 until“在之前，直到(才)”。本题考查词义辨析。文章意思指：“第二次的调整直到 16世纪才被广泛接受”。而 A项 before“(指时间)在以前”，B 项 unless“除非，若不；除非在的时候”和 D项 because“因为”均

29、不符合题意。A.established B.institutedC.highlightedD.justified解析：解析 established“建立；建造；设立”，常表示永久地“建立”起来，强调稳固而持久，涉及对象可以是具体和抽象事物，符合题意。最大的干扰项为 D项 instituted“建立，设立，组织；制定”，但此词一般指建立学会等，或制定规则等，而 C项 highlighted“使显著，强调，使突出”和 D项justified“证明正当(或有理、正确)；为辩护”均不符合题意。A.concentratedB.cementedC.imposedD.centered 解析：解析 cente

30、red“集中于，以为中心”。根据文章一致性的原则，该词与上文的 centered形成一种照应。最大的干扰项为 A项 concentrated“把集中在”，主要表示聚精会神，集中思想做某事，因此不符合题意，而 B项 cemented“团结”和 C项 imposed“利用，占便宜”均不符合题意。A.consequentlyB.eventually C.simultaneouslyD.plausibly解析：解析 eventually“终于，最后”，符合题意。而 A项 consequently“所以，因此”，C 项simultaneously“同时发生地，同时存在地”，D 项 plausibly“(

31、论点等)貌似有理地，(说法等)貌似真实地”均不符合题意。A.transferenceB.transplantationC.translationD.transformation 解析：解析 transformation“变化，转变，变形”，指使事物在形态、外表或本质上发生完全、彻底的改变，通常使其变成与原来相反的事物，符合题意。而 A项 transference“转移，传递，传输”，B项 transplantation“移植，移种”和 C项 translation“翻译，译”均不符合题意。A.self-esteemB.self-assurance C.self-analysisD.self-p

32、reservation解析：解析 self-assurance“自信”。根据文章一致性的原则，该词与上文的 pride形成一种照应。而 A项 self-esteem“自尊(心)，自负”，C 项 self-analysis“自我(心理)分析”和 D项 self-preservation“(生物体的)自我保存”均不符合题意。A.illusionaryB.prohibitiveC.appalling D.intrinsic解析：解析 appalling“令人震惊的”，根据文章一致性的原则，该词与上文的 astounding形成一种照应。而 A项 illusionary“错觉的”，B 项 prohib

33、itive“禁止的，禁止性的”和 D项 intrinsic“固有的，本质的，内在的”均不符合题意。A.merelyB.suddenly C.barelyD.unusually解析：解析 suddenly“突然地，出乎意料地”，符合题意。而 A项 merely“仅仅，只，不过”，C 项barely“仅仅，只不过，几乎不，简直没有”和 D项 unusually“异乎寻常地，不平常地”均不符合题意。A.pleaB.edge C.questD.riot解析：解析 edge“边，棱；边界；边缘”。根据文章一致性的原则，该词与下文的 peripheral形成一种照应。而 A项 plea“恳求，请求；借口，

34、托词”，C 项 quest(历时较久的)寻求，探求，调查研究”和D项 riot“暴乱；骚乱，大混乱”均不符合题意。A.recent B.alienC.saneD.divine解析：解析 recent“最近的，新近的；近来的；近代的”，符合题意。而 B项 alien“外国的，外国人的；陌生的”，C 项 sane“心智健全的，神志正常的”和 D项 divine“神授的，天赐的，神圣的”均不符合题意。A.elapse B.fraudC.radiationD.collapse解析：解析 elapse“(时间的)流逝，逝去”，符合题意。而 B项 fraud“欺诈(行为)；骗局；诡计”，C项 radiat

35、ion“发光；放热；辐射；辐射作用”和 D项 collapse“崩溃，瓦解；突然的失败”均不符合题意。A.companyB.adaptationC.progress D.enhancement解析：解析 progress“前进，行进”。本题考查词义辨析。文章意思指：“不是科学朝圣者通往哲学领域前进过程中的结尾”。而 A项 company“陪同，交往”，B 项 adaptation“适应，适合”和 D项enhancement“提高，增加，增强”均不符合题意。A.amazing B.gorgeousC.hypocriticalD.invariable解析：解析 amazing“使人十分惊奇的，令人

36、惊奇的”。根据文章一致性的原则，该词与上文的astounding形成一种照应。而 B项 gorgeous“华丽的；令人十分愉快的；极好的”，C 项hypocritical“伪善的，虚伪的”和 D项 invariable“不变的，始终如一的”均不符合题意。A.outragesB.emerges C.recedesD.retreats解析：解析 emerges“浮现，出现”，符合题意。而 A项 outrages“激起的义愤，激怒；违反”，C项 recedes“退，后退；远去”和 D项 retreats“退却，撤退；后退”均不符合题意。A.orB.nor C.soD.or else解析：解析 nor

37、“也不，也没有”，符合题意。而 A项 or“或，或者；还是”，C 项 so“因此，所以”，D 项 or else“否则”均不符合题意。The ordinary family colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus children were 21 in terms of their productivity, and they 22 the role of producer quit

38、e early. 23 they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of 24 , and their psychological needs and capacities received 25 consideration. 26 the society becomes more complex, the 27 of children in the family and in the society becomes more important. In the complex,

39、 technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of 28 and occupational roles and be in 29 contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as 30 acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are 31 more a

40、s people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as 32 participants in the contemporary family is 33 in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs 34 exclusively to their well-being. This new view of c

41、hildren and the increasing contact between the members of society has also 35 in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring 36 the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to 37 the details of the socialization of an

42、other person“s child by spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing. The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States is a two-way transaction between parents and children 38 a one-way, parent-to-child training programs. As a consequence, soc

43、ializing children and living with them over a long 39 of time is for parents a mixture of 40 , satisfaction, and problems.（分数：50.00）A.dismissedB.valued C.scornedD.reared解析：解析 根据原文意思：“依据孩子们的生产率来决定他们受重视的程度”，选择 valued。而选项A表示“打发走；解散”，选项 C表示“轻视；嘲笑；嘲弄”，选项 D表示“养育；饲养；抚养”均不符合题意。A.neglectedB.assumed C.enhance

44、dD.resumed解析：解析 根据原文，assumed 与下文的 fulfilled“完成，履行”形成搭配。而 A项 neglect意为“忽视、忽略”，多指有意无意地对所做的工作或应负的责任未给予充分的注意，有时含有“忘了做”的意思，强调这种结果；C 项 enhance指“提高、增加、加强某物的价值、魅力或声望，从而使之超出常规水平或通常的吸引力”；D 项 resume表示“重新开始或继续做某件具体的事情”，后面一般不接抽象名词，而接动名词；还可表达“重新坐到位子上、重新露出某种表情、恢复职位”等含义，均不符合题意。A.Even ifB.Until C.Given thatD.Before解

45、析：解析 until 表示“直到为止”。根据上下文，上文提到 assumed“承担”，下文提到fulfilled“完成”，它们之间有个时间上的过渡，所以选择 until。而 A项 even if“即使；虽然”，C项 given that“考虑到”，D 项 before“在之前”均不符合原文意思。A.subordination B.superiorityC.cooperationD.conviction解析：解析 根据上下文，subordination 与 more important构成对比，是指地位由低到高的过程，即：“孩子们在家族里的地位由从属的、次要的发展到重要的”，所以选择 subor

46、dination。而选项 B“优越；优秀；卓越”与原文意思相反，C 项“合作；配合”，D 项“确信；深信；信念”均不符合原文意思。A.muchB.little C.someD.any解析：解析 根据文章句子一致性原则，little 与 subordination构成一致性关系，即：“由于他们的地位是下属，所以他们的心理需要和能力没有得到一点儿的关心”。而 A项 much，C 项 some，D 项 any均不符合原文意思。A.WhenB.As C.AlthoughD.If解析：解析 as 表示“当时”。根据上下文，“as”既有表示时间的意思也有表示原因的意思，即“随着(时间的推移)，社会变得更加

47、复杂，”。而 A项 when，C 项 although，D 项 if均不符合题意。A.status B.boomC.legacyD.menace解析：解析 根据文章一致性原则，status 与上文提到的 position“位置；职位”构成呼应。而 B项“隆隆声；(事业、政治前景等的)突然好转；(候选人等的)走红，声望提高”，C 项“遗赠，遗赠的财物；遗产；遗赠产”，D 项“威胁；威胁性言行”均不符合题意。A.personal B.eligibleC.fabulousD.foul解析：解析 根据文章一致性原则，personal 与原文第一句中的 sheer physical survival“完

48、全是肉体上的生存”形成呼应。而 B项“合适的；合格的；理想的”，C 项“惊人的；难以置信的”，D 项“污浊的；恶臭的”均不构成呼应，不符合题意。A.fragileB.constant C.futileD.void解析：解析 constant 表示在时间上不断地以同样的方式惯常地做某事。根据原文意思：“每个成员都必须坚持与许多其他的成员保持联系。”所以选择 constant。而 A项 fragile指“构造易损坏，不牢固，引申义为“虚弱的、娇嫩的、精神不振的”，C 项表示“无效的；无用的；琐细的”，D 项 void为文学用词，意为“完全空的、空无所有的”，常用于形容大的空间空旷无物，可用于短语

49、be void of中，表示“没有的”，是本题的干扰项，均不符合题煮。A.simultaneouslyB.consequentlyC.particularlyD.potentially 解析：解析 根据一致性原则，potentially acceptable 与 capacities“能力；接受力”构成呼应。而A项“同时；同步地”，B 项“因此；所以”，C 项“尤其；特别地”均不符合题意。A.confinedB.assimilatedC.regarded D.examined解析：解析 根据文章一致性原则，be regarded as 与文章第一句中的 was concerned with构成呼应。而 A项 confine to/within“限制，局限于；管制，禁闭”，B 项 assimilate基本义专指生理上的“(被)吸收、(被)消化”，引申义指广泛地“吸收、接纳”外物并使之成为自身的一部分，D 项 examine“检查，细查；对进行考试”均不符合题意。A.equal B.activeC.earnestD