【考研类试卷】考博英语-199及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语-199 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A considerable part of Facebook“s appeal stems from its miraculous fusion of distance with intimacy, or the illusion of distance with the illusion of intimacy. Our online communities become engines of

2、 self-image, and self-image becomes the engine of community. The real danger with Facebook is not that it allows us to isolate ourselves, but that by mixing our appetite for isolation with our vanity, it threatens to alter the very nature of solitude. The new isolation is not of the kind that Americ

3、ans once idealized, the lonesomeness of the proudly nonconformist, independent-minded, solitary stoic, or that of the astronaut who blasts into new worlds. Facebook“s isolation is a grind. What“s truly staggering about Facebook usage is not its volume750 million photographs uploaded over a single we

4、ekendbut the constancy of the performance it demands. More than half its usersand one of every 13 people on Earth is a Facebook userlog on every day. Among 18-to-34-year-olds, nearly half check Facebook minutes after waking up, and 28 percent do so before getting out of bed. The relentlessness is wh

5、at is so new, so potentially transformative. Facebook never takes a break. We never take a break. Human beings have always created elaborate acts of self-presentation. But not all the time, not every morning, before we even pour a cup of coffee. Nostalgia for the good old days of disconnection would

6、 not just be pointless, it would be hypocritical and ungrateful. But the very magic of the new machines, the efficiency and elegance with which they serve us, obscures what isn“t being served: everything that matters. What Facebook has revealed about human natureand this is not a minor revelationis

7、that a connection is not the same thing as a bond, and that instant and total connection is no salvation, no ticket to a happier, better world or a more liberated version of humanity. Solitude used to be good for self-reflection and self-reinvention. But now we are left talking about who we are all

8、the time, without ever really thinking about who we are. Facebook denies us a pleasure whose profundity we had underestimated: the chance to forget about ourselves for a while, the chance to disconnect.（分数：15.00）(1).Which of the following statements regarding the power of Facebook can be inferred fr

9、om the passage?（分数：3.00）A.It creates the isolation people wantB.It delivers a more friendly worldC.It produces intimacy people lack in the real worldD.It enables us to be social while avoiding the mess of human interaction(2).Which of the following statements about the underside of Facebook is suppo

10、rted by the information contained in this passage?（分数：3.00）A.It imprisons people in the business of self-presentationB.It causes social disintegrationC.It makes people vainerD.It makes people lonelier(3).Which of the following best states “the new isolation“ mentioned by the author?（分数：3.00）A.It is

11、full of the spirit of adventureB.It is the extension of individualismC.It has a touch of narcissismD.It evolves from the appetite for independence(4).Which of the following belongs to the category of “everything that matters“ according to the passage?（分数：3.00）A.Constant connectionB.Instant communica

12、tionC.Smooth sociabilityD.A human bond(5).Which of the following conclusions about Facebook does the author want us to draw?（分数：3.00）A.It creates friendshipB.It denies us the pleasure of socializingC.It opens a new world for usD.It draws us into a paradox三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Most scholars agre

13、e that Isaac Newton, while formulating the laws of force and gravity and inventing the calculus in the late 1600s, probably knew all the science there was to know at the time. In the ensuing 350 years an estimated 50 million research papers and innumerable books have been published in the natural sc

14、iences and mathematics. The modern high school student probably now possesses more scientific knowledge than Newton did, yet science to many people seems to be an impenetrable mountain of facts. One way scientists have tried to cope with this mountain is by becoming more and more specialized. Anothe

15、r strategy for coping with the mountain of information is to largely ignore it. That shouldn“t come as a surprise. Sure, you have to know a lot to be a scientist, but knowing a lot is not what makes a scientist. What makes a scientist is ignorance. This may sound ridiculous, but for scientists the f

16、acts are just a starting place. In science, every new discovery raises 10 new questions. By this calculus, ignorance will always grow faster than knowledge. Scientists and laypeople alike would agree that for all we have come to know, there is far more we don“t know. More important, every day there

17、is far more we know we don“t know. One crucial outcome of scientific knowledge is to generate new and better ways of being ignorant: not the kind of ignorance that is associated with a lack of curiosity or education but rather a cultivated, high-quality ignorance. This gets to the essence of what sc

18、ientists do: they make distinctions between qualities of ignorance. They do it in grant proposals and over beers at meetings. As James Clerk Maxwell, probably the greatest physicist between Newton and Einstein, said, “Thoroughly conscious ignorance. is a prelude to every real advance in knowledge.“

19、This perspective on science-that it is about the questions more than the answers-should come as something of a relief. It makes science less threatening and far more friendly and, in fact, fun. Science becomes a series of elegant puzzles and puzzles within puzzlesand who doesn“t like puzzles? Questi

20、ons are also more accessible and often more interesting than answers; answers tend to be the end of the process, whereas questions have you in the thick of things. Lately this side of science has taken a backseat in the public mind to what I call the accumulation view of sciencethat it is a pile of

21、facts way too big for us to ever hope to conquer. But if scientists would talk about the questions, and if the media reported not only on new discoveries but the questions they answered and the new puzzles they created, and if educators stopped trafficking in facts that are already available on Wiki

22、pedia-then we might find a public once again engaged in this great adventure that has been going on for the past 15 generations.（分数：15.00）(1).Which of the following would most scholars agree to about Newton and science?（分数：3.00）A.Newton was the only person who knew all the science in the 1600sB.Newt

23、on“s laws of force and gravity dominated science for 350 yearsC.Since Newton“s time, science has developed into a mountain of factsD.A high school student probably knows more science than Newton did(2).Which of the following is best supported in this passage?（分数：3.00）A.A scientist is a master of kno

24、wledgeB.Knowledge generates better ignoranceC.Ignorance is a sign of lack of educationD.Good scientists are thoroughly ignorant(3).Why is it a relief that science is about the questions more than the answers?（分数：3.00）A.Because people like solving puzzlesB.Because questions make science accessibleC.B

25、ecause there are more questions than answersD.Because questions point the way to deep answers(4).The expression “take a backseat“ (line 1, paragraph 5) probably means _.（分数：3.00）A.take a back placeB.have a different roleC.be of greater priorityD.become less important(5).What is the author“s greatest

26、 concern in the passage?（分数：3.00）A.The involvement of the public in scienceB.Scientists“ enjoyment of ignoranceC.The accumulation of scientific knowledgeD.Newton“s standing in the history of science四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Information technology that helps doctors and patients make decisions has b

27、een around for a long time. Crude online tools like WebMD get millions of visitors a day. But Watson is a different beast. According to IBM, it can digest information and make recommendations much more quickly, and more intelligently, than perhaps any machine before itprocessing up to 60 million pag

28、es of text per second, even when that text is in the form of plain old prose, or what scientists call “natural language.“ That“s no small thing, because something like 80 percent of all information is “unstructured.“ In medicine, it consists of physician notes dictated into medical records, long-win

29、ded sentences published in academic journals, and raw numbers stored online by public-health departments. At least in theory, Watson can make sense of it all. It can sit in on patient examinations, silently listening. And over time, it can learn and get better at figuring out medical problems and wa

30、ys of treating them the more it interacts with real cases. Watson even has the ability to convey doubt. When it makes diagnoses and recommends treatments, it usually issues a series of possibilities, each with its own level of confidence attached. Medicine has never before had a tool quite like this

31、 And at an unofficial coming-out party in Las Vegas last year, during the annual meeting of the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, more than 1,000 professionals packed a large hotel conference hall, and an overflow room nearby, to hear a presentation by Marty Kohn, an emergency-

32、room physician and a clinical leader of the IBM team training Watson for health care. Standing before a video screen that dwarfed his large frame, Kohn described in his husky voice how Watson could be a game changernot just in highly specialized fields like oncology but also in primary care, given t

33、hat all doctors can make mistakes that lead to costly, sometimes dangerous, treatment errors. Drawing on his own clinical experience and on academic studies, Kohn explained that about one-third of these errors appear to be products of misdiagnosis, one cause of which is “anchoring bias“: human being

34、s“ tendency to rely too heavily on a single piece of information. This happens all the time in doctors“ offices, clinics, and emergency rooms. A physician hears about two or three symptoms, seizes on a diagnosis consistent with those, and subconsciously discounts evidence that points to something el

35、se. Or a physician hits upon the right diagnosis, but fails to realize that it“s incomplete, and ends up treating just one condition when the patient is, in fact, suffering from several. Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings. As such, Kohn believes, they may eventually become as ubiquit

36、ous in doctors“ offices as the stethoscope. “Watson fills in for some human limitations,“ Kohn told me in an interview. “Studies show that humans are good at taking a relatively limited list of possibilities and using that list, but are far less adept at using huge volumes of information. That“s whe

37、re Watson shines; taking a huge list of information and winnowing it down.“（分数：15.00）(1).What is Watson?（分数：3.00）A.It is a person who aids doctors in processing medical recordsB.It is an online tool that connects doctors over different placesC.It is an intelligent computer that helps doctors make de

38、cisionsD.It is a beast that greets millions of visitors to a medical institution(2).Which of the following is beyond Watson“s ability?（分数：3.00）A.Talk with the patientB.Calculate probabilityC.Recommend treatmentD.Process sophisticated data(3).Marty Kohn _.（分数：3.00）A.gave a presentation at an academic

39、 conferenceB.works for the IBM Training DivisionC.is a short person with a husky voiceD.expressed optimism for Watson(4).“Anchoring bias“ _.（分数：3.00）A.is a device ubiquitous in doctors“ officesB.is less likely to be committed by WatsonC.happens in one third of medical treatmentsD.is a wrong diagnosi

40、s with incomplete information(5).Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?（分数：3.00）A.Watson as a shining starB.The risks of misdiagnosisC.The Robot Will See You NowD.IBM“s IT solution to medicine五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to g

41、et along with one another and to determine where we “fit“ in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend o

42、r a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is thief or a meter reader, and so on. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social inter

43、action consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the t

44、ask more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly. A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose

45、from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have o

46、n their racks. Statuses too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.（分数：15.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us _.（分数：3.00）A.determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB.behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC.protect o

47、urselves in unfamiliar situationsD.make friends with other people(2).According to the writer, people often assume different statuses _.（分数：3.00）A.in order to identify themselves with othersB.in order to better identify othersC.as their mental processes changeD.as the situation changes(3).The word “a

48、ppraisal“ (Sentence 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means _.（分数：3.00）A.involvementB.appreciationC.assessmentD.presentation(4).In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun “it“ refers to “_“.（分数：3.00）A.fitting our actions to those of other people appropriatelyB.identification of other peop

49、le“s statusesC.selecting one“s own statusesD.constant mental process(5).By saying that “an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince“ (Sentence 3, Paragraph 3), the writer means _.（分数：3.00）A.different people have different styles of clothesB.ready-made clothes may need alterationsC.statuses come ready made just like clothesD.our choice of statuses is limited六、Passage 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are