【考研类试卷】考博英语-222及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语-222 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Our theory and practice in the area of sentencing have undergone a gradual but dramatic metamorphosis through the years. Primitive man believed that a crime created an imbalance, which could be rectified only by punishing the wr

2、ongdoer. Thus, sentencing was initially vengeance-oriented. Gradually, emphasis began to be placed on the deterrent value of a sentence upon future wrongdoing.Though deterrence is still an important consideration, increased emphasis on the possibility of reforming the offender-of returning him to th

3、e community a useful citizen-bars the harsh penalties once imposed and brings into play a new set of sentencing criteria. Today, each offender is viewed as a unique individual, and the sentencing judge seeks to know why he has committed the crime and what are the chances of a repetition of the offen

4、se. The judges prime objective is not to punish but to treat.This emphasis on treatment of the individual has created a host of new problems. In seeking to arrive at the best treatment for individual prisoners, judges must weigh an imposing array of factors. I believe that the primary aim of every s

5、entence is the prevention of future crime. Little can be done to correct past damage, and a sentence will achieve its objective to the extent that it upholds general respect for the law, discourages those tempted to commit similar crimes, and leads to the rehabilitation of the offender, so that he w

6、ill not run afoul of the law again. Where the offender is so hardened that rehabilitation is plainly impossible, the sentence may be designed to segregate the offender from society so that he will be unable to do any future harm. The balancing of these interacting, and often mutually antagonistic, f

7、actors requires more than a good heart and a sense of fair play on the judges part, although these are certainly prerequisites. It requires the judge to know as much as he can about the prisoner before him. He should know the probable effects of sentences upon those who might commit similar crimes a

8、nd how the prisoner is likely to react to imprisonment or probation. Because evaluation of these various factors may differ from judge to judge, the same offense will be treated differently by different judges.The task of improving our sentencing techniques is so important to the nations moral healt

9、h that it deserves far more careful attention than it now receives from the bar and many civic-minded individuals who usually lead even the judges in the fight for legal reform approach this subject with apathy or with erroneous preconceptions. For example, I have observed the sentiment shared by ma

10、ny that, after a judge has sentenced several hundred defendants, the whole process becomes one of callous routine. I have heard this feeling expressed even by attorneys who should know better.（分数：8.00）(1).In determining what sentence to impose, a judge today _.（分数：2.00）A.tries to punish the offender

11、B.is callousC.is inconsistentD.tries to prevent future crimes(2).Ancient sentences were motivated by _.（分数：2.00）A.a desire to reformB.imbalanceC.a desire for revengeD.a desire to deter future wrongdoing(3).Which of the following statements cannot be inferred from the selection?（分数：2.00）A.A judge sho

12、uld treat each offender as an individual.B.A judge should try to correct past damage.C.The problem of sentencing deserves study.D.A judge refrains from imposing harsh penalties.(4).Metamorphosis (in Paragraph 1) means _.（分数：2.00）A.stabilityB.interpretationC.lethargyD.changeNearly two thousand years

13、have passed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus became part of the greatest story ever told. Many things have changed in the intervening years. The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding, and if they had to meet an unexpected influx, few inns would have a manger to ac

14、commodate the weary guests. Now it is the census taker that does the traveling in the fond hope that a highly mobile population will stay put long enough to get a good sampling. Methods of gathering, recording, and evaluating information have presumably been improved a great deal. And where then it

15、was the modest purpose of Rome to obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for levying taxes, now batteries of complicated statistical series furnished by governmental agencies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to future events. The

16、 Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable differences of opinion. They were aired at the celebration of the 125th anniversary of the American Statistical Associa

17、tion. There was the thought that business forecasting might well be on its way from an art to a science, and some speakers talked about newfangled computers and highfalutin mathematical systems in terms of excitement and endearment which we, at least in our younger years when these things mattered,

18、would have associated more readily with the description of a fair maiden. But others pointed to the deplorable record of highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the Mets, and the President-elect of the Association cautioned that “high powered statistical method

19、s are usually in order where the facts are crude and inadequate, the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate statisticians assume“. We left his birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction, not really newly acquired, that proper statistical methods applied to ascerta

20、inable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor public is deluded into mistaking the delineation of probabilities and trends for a prediction of certainties of mathematical exactitude.（分数：8.00）(1).Taxation in Roman days apparently was based on _.（分数：2.00）A.mo

21、bilityB.wealthC.populationD.census takers(2).The American Statistical Association _.（分数：2.00）A.has an excellent record in business forecastingB.is converting statistical study from an art to a scienceC.speaks with mathematical exactitudeD.is neither hopeful nor pessimistic(3).The message the author

22、wishes the reader to get is that _.（分数：2.00）A.statisticians have not advanced since the days of the RomansB.statisticians love their machinesC.statistics is not as yet a scienceD.the American Statistical Association is 125 years old(4).The author would define “science“ as _.（分数：2.00）A.the study of p

23、robabilityB.the development of mathematical certaintiesC.the use of computersD.requiring statistical methodsWhy does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific prog

24、ress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding, for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the explosion of a spiral nebula or the distribution of cosmic dust, the causes of earthquakes a

25、nd droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one another-the scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be

26、overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine.Applied research, undertaken to solve speci

27、fic practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving asid

28、e the funds devoted to research by industry-which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly-the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless adequate safe

29、guards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, “Developments will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoveries w

30、ill be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science tend to degrade the quality of the nations technology in the long run, rather than to improve it./（分数：8.00）(1).The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _.（分数：

31、2.00）A.Roentgens Ignorance of X-raysB.The Attractiveness of Applied ResearchC.The Importance of Basic ResearchD.Basic Research vs. Applied Research(2).Industry is primarily interested in applied research because it _.（分数：2.00）A.provides better understandingB.is frowned upon by the FoundationC.offers

32、 immediate profitD.drives out basic research(3).Basic research is vital because _.（分数：2.00）A.it leads to results that can be appreciatedB.it is driven out by applied researchC.it provides the basis for scientific progressD.its results cannot be anticipated(4).The federal government _.（分数：2.00）A.enco

33、urages basic researchB.devotes more than 90% of its research and development funds to applied researchC.spends far more on applied research than on military problemsD.opposes the Foundations grants to basic researchFor Emily Dickinson there were three worlds, and she lived in all of them, making the

34、m the substance of everything that she thought and wrote. There was the world of nature, the things and the creatures that she saw, heard, felt about her, there was the “estate“ that was the world of friendship. And there was the world of the unseen and unheard. From her youth she was looked upon as

35、 different. She was direct, impulsive, original, and the droll wit who said unconventional things which others thought but dared not speak, and said them incomparably well. The characteristics which made her inscrutable to those who knew her continue to bewilder and surprise, for she lived by parado

36、xes.Certainly the greatest paradox was the fact that the three most pervasive friendships were the most elusive. She saw the Reverend Charles Wadsworth of Philadelphia but three or four times in the course of her life, and then briefly, yet her admiration of him as an ideal and her yearning for him

37、as a person were of us surpassed importance in her growth as a poet. She sought out for professional advice the critic and publicist Thomas Wentworth Higginson and invited his aid as mentor for more than twenty years, though she never once adopted any counsel he dared to hazard. In the last decade o

38、f her life, she came to be a warm admirer of the poet and novelist Helen Hunt Jackson, the only qualified judge among Emily Dickinsons contemporaries who believed her to be a great poet, yet Emily Dickinson steadfastly refused to publish even though Mrs. Jacksons importunity was insistent.（分数：8.00）(

39、1).What is the authors main purpose in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.To provide information about the childhood of Emily Dickinson.B.To discuss some of Emily Dickinsons critics.C.To give some insight into Emily Dickinsons character and personality.D.To comment on the quality of Emily Dickinsons poetry.(2).

40、According to the passage, many of the people who knew Emily Dickinson thought of her as _.（分数：2.00）A.sociableB.unusualC.sadD.insensitive(3).According to the passage, Helen Hunt Jackson wanted _.（分数：2.00）A.as much recognition as Emily Dickinson receivedB.her work to be criticized by Emily DickinsonC.

41、Emily Dickinson to write better poetryD.Emily Dickinsons poetry to be published(4).The authors attitude toward Emily Dickinson is _.（分数：2.00）A.ironicB.distantC.amusedD.respectfulThe average population density of the world is 47 persons per square mile. Continental densities range from no permanent i

42、nhabitants in Antarctica to 211 per square mile in Europe. In the western hemisphere, population densities range from about 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico. In Europe the range is from 4 per square mile in Iceland to 831 per square mile in the Netherlands. Within co

43、untries there are wide variations of population densities. For example, in Egypt, the average is 55 persons per square mile, but 1,300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable.High population densities generally occur in regions of developed industrialization, su

44、ch as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Great Britain, or where lands are intensively used for agriculture, as in Puerto Rico and Java.Low average population densities are characteristic of most underdeveloped countries. Low density of population is generally associated with a relatively low percentage

45、of cultivated land. This generally results from poor-quality lands. It may also be due to natural obstacles to cultivation, such as deserts, mountains or malaria-infested jungles, to land uses other than cultivation, as pasture and forested land, to primitive methods that limit cultivation, to socia

46、l obstacles, and to land ownership systems which keep land out of production.More economically advanced countries of low population density have, as a rule, large proportions of their populations living in urban areas. Their rural population densities are usually very low. Poorer developed countries

47、 of correspondingly low general population density, on the other hand, often have a concentration of rural population living on arable land, which is as great as the rural concentration found in the most densely populated industrial countries.（分数：8.00）(1).Along the banks of the Nile, we may expect t

48、o find _.（分数：2.00）A.1,300 personsB.few inhabitantsC.pyramidsD.many settlements(2).In timberland areas of the world, _.（分数：2.00）A.there is dense populationB.we may expect to find malaria-infested junglesC.the density of population is relatively lowD.good quality land is found(3).The title below that

49、best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.How People LiveB.Population DistributionC.Economics and PopulationD.Population Densities(4).This passage has probably been taken from _.（分数：2.00）A.a gazetteerB.an almanacC.a textbook on economicsD.a world geography book二、Part English-Chine(总题数：1，分数：20.00)21. Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis-you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particu