【考研类试卷】考博英语-224及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语-224 及答案解析(总分：90.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part I Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：8.00)While the polltakers are most widely known for their political surveys, the greatest part of their work is on behalf of American business. There are three kinds of commercial surveys. One is a public re

2、lations research, such as that done for banks, which finds out how the public feels about a company. Another is employee-attitude research, which learns from rank-and-file workers how they really feel about their jobs and their bosses, and which can avert strikes by getting to the bottom of grievanc

3、es quickly. The third, and probably most spectacular, is marketing research, testing public receptivity to products and designs. The investment a company must make for a new product is enormous-$ 5,000,000 to $10,000,000, for instance, for just one new product. Through the surveys a company can disc

4、over in advance what objections the public has to competing products, and whether it really wants a new one. These surveys are actually a new set of signals permitting better communication between business and the general public-letting them talk to each other. Such communication is vital in a compl

5、ex society like our own. Without it, we would have not only tremendous waste but the industrial anarchy of countless new unwanted products appearing and disappearing.（分数：8.00）(1).The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.The PolltakerB.Business Asks QuestionsC

6、.Behind the Scenes in BusinessD.Our Complex Business World(2).The passage states that polls can benefit industry by _.（分数：2.00）A.reducing wasteB.establishing fair pricesC.strengthening peoples faith in businessD.saving small businesses(3).This paragraph is developed by means of _.（分数：2.00）A.cause an

7、d effectB.contrastC.illustrations.D.anecdotes(4).Which is not mentioned as an area in which polls have been conducted?（分数：2.00）A.New products.B.Politics.C.Public relations.D.Family relationships.三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Another example of the exercise of power by Congress was the action it took dur

8、ing the Reconstruction Period after the Civil War. It has already been noted that President Johnson favored a lenient policy toward the South and attempted to carry out Lincolns “10 percent plan“. He pardoned most of the Southern leaders and permitted them to restore their state governments. They we

9、re permitted to elect Senators and Representatives.Congress, however, led by the Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, had other ideas about the handing of the defeated Confederacy. Congress favored punitive policies. The South should be treated as conquered territory, and its readmission should be h

10、andled by Congress rather than the President. Congress opposed the “Johnson Governments“ and the “Black Codes“ passed by Southern states which virtually restored former slaves to their masters. Accordingly, it passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This measure divided the South into five military d

11、istricts and provided that a seceded state would be readmitted in the Union only after it had ratified the 14th Amendment which provided that all persons born or naturalized in the United States should be citizens of the United States and of the state in which they resided, granted equality before t

12、he law to all persons, and prohibited a state from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Congress also barred rebel leaders from federal office, repudiated the Confederate debt, and reduced the representation of states which barred qualified persons from voti

13、ng. Later it adopted the 15th Amendement guaranteeing the Negroes the right to vote.Johnson vigorously opposed these measures. He vetoed the Reconstruction Act and others, only to see Congress repass them over his veto. After such passage of the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson, believing it unconstitu

14、tional, violated it and removed a member of his Cabinet without consulting Congress. The House of Representatives proceeded to impeach Johnson. The Senate, however, failed, by one vote, to reach the two-thirds majority necessary for his removal.（分数：8.00）(1).The title below that best expresses the ma

15、in idea of this passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.The Impeachment of President JohnsonB.The Reconstruction PeriodC.Conflict between President Johnson and CongressD.A Lenient President(2).We can infer that _.（分数：2.00）A.Johnson believed that the Reconstruction Act of 3.867 carried out Lincolns “10 percent plan“

16、B.Johnson exceeded his authority by removing a Cabinet member without consulting CongressC.Johnson failed to be impeached by one voteD.Johnson was less tolerant of the South than Congress was(3).Which of the following statements is not true according to this passage?（分数：2.00）A.President Johnson disp

17、layed a liberal attitude toward the defeated Southern states.B.The attitude of retaliation was sponsored by Thaddeus Stevens.C.The “due process“ clause is part of the 15th Amendment.D.The House of Representatives has the power to impeach a President.(4).The Reconstruction Act of 1867 _.（分数：2.00）A.en

18、dorsed the “Black Codes“B.was vetoed by the PresidentC.utilized Lincolns “10 percent plan“D.was declared unconstitutional by the President四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：8.00)“The highest merit we ascribe to Moses, Plato, and Milton,“ says Emerson, “is that they set at nought books and traditions, and spoke no

19、t what men thought but what they thought. A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the luster of the firmament of bards and sages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thought because it is his. In every work of genius we recogniz

20、e our own rejected thoughts; they come back to us with a certain alienated majesty.“ It is strange that any one who has recognized the individuality of all works of lasting influence should not also recognize the fact that his own individuality ought to be steadfastly preserved. As Emerson says in c

21、ontinuation, “Great works of art have no more affecting lesson for us than this. They teach us to abide by our spontaneous impressions with good- humored inflexibility, then most when the whole cry of voices is on the other side. Else tomorrow a stranger will say with masterful good sense precisely

22、what we have thought and felt all the time, and we shall be forced to take with shame our opinion from another.“ Accepting the opinions of another and the tastes of another is very different from agreement in opinion and taste. Originality is independence, not rebellion. It is sincerity, not antagon

23、ism. Whatever you believe to be true and false, that proclaim to be true and false. Whatever you think admirable and beautiful, that should be your model, even if ail your friends and ail the critics storm at you as a crotchet-monger and an eccentric. Whether the public will feel its truth and beaut

24、y at once, or after long years, or never cease to regard it as paradox and ugliness, no man can foresee. Enough for you to know that you have done your best, have been true to yourself, and that the utmost power inherent in your work has been displayed.（分数：8.00）(1).The title below that best expresse

25、s the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.What Emerson SaidB.Individualism in WritingC.Doing Your BestD.Great Works of Art(2).The greatness of Moses, Plato and Milton _.（分数：2.00）A.is based on their reliance on books and traditionsB.is revealed in their works of geniusC.demonstrates a certain i

26、nalienated majestyD.is found in their expression of their own thoughts(3).All works of lasting value possess the quality of _.（分数：2.00）A.individualityB.honestyC.beautyD.eccentricity(4).The authors advice to writers may be summed up as _.（分数：2.00）A.imitating Moses, Plato, and MiltonB.giving the publi

27、c what it wantsC.being originalD.believing in your own reasoning and emotions五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：8.00)The Quechua world is submerged, so to speak, in a cosmic magma that weighs heavily upon it. It possesses the rare quality of being as it were interjected into the midst of antagonistic forces, whic

28、h in turn implies a whole body of social and aesthetic structures whose innermost meaning must be the administration of energy. This gives rise to the social organism known as the ayllu, the agrarian community that regulates the procurement of food. The ayllu formed the basic structure of the whole

29、Inca empire.The central idea of this organization was a kind of closed economy, just the opposite of our economic practices, which can be described as open. The closed economy rested on the fact that the Inca controlled both the production and consumption of food. When one adds to this fact the reli

30、gious ideas noted in the Quechua texts cited by the chronicler Santa Cruz Pachacuti, one comes to the conclusion that in the Andean zone the margin of life was minimal and was made possible only by the system of magic the Quechua constructed through his religion. Adversities, moreover, were numerous

31、, for the harvest might fail at any time and bring starvation to millions. Hence the whole purpose of the Quechua administrative and ideological system was to carry on the arduous task of achieving abundance and staving off shortages. This kind of a structure presupposes a state of unremitting anxie

32、ty, which could not be resolved by action. The Quechua could not do so because his primordial response to problems was the use of magic, that is, recourse to the unconscious for the solution of external problems. Thus the struggle against the world was a struggle against the dark depths of the Quech

33、uas own psyche, where the solution was found. By overcoming the unconscious, the outer world was also vanquished.These considerations permit us to classify Quechua culture as absolutely static or, more accurately, as the expression of a mere state of being. Only in this way can we understand the ref

34、uge it took in the germinative center of the cosmic rnandala as revealed by Quechua art. The Quechua empire was nothing more than a mandala, for it was divided into four zones, with Cuzco in the center. Here the Quechua ensconced himself to-contemplate the decline of the world as though it were caus

35、ed by an alien and autonomous force.（分数：8.00）(1).The Quechua world _.（分数：2.00）A.was darkB.was primarily economicC.may be placed in primitive South AmericaD.was located in Mexico(2).The ayllu _.（分数：2.00）A.controlled the production and distribution foodB.was an open economyC.was based on understanding

36、 the environmentD.was an example of a mandala(3).We may conclude that the Quechua world was _.（分数：2.00）A.uncivilizedB.highly introspectiveC.extremely dynamicD.free of major worries(4).The author calls the Quechua empire a mandala because _.（分数：2.00）A.it was agrarianB.it was superstitiousC.a closed e

37、conomy prevailedD.it was divided into four zones六、Passage 5(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Investment in the public sector, such as electricity, irrigation, quarrying, public services and transport (excluding vehicles, ships and planes) increased by about 10%, although the emphasis moved to transport and away from t

38、he other sectors mentioned. Trade and services recorded a 16 % -17% investment growth, including a 30% increase in investment in business premises. Industrial investment is estimated to have risen by 8%. Although the share of agriculture in total gross investment in the economy continued to decline,

39、 investment grew by 9% in absolute terms, largely spurred on by a 23% expansion of investment in agricultural equipment. Housing construction had 12% more invested in it in 1964, not so much owing to increased demand, as to fears of impending new taxes and limitation of building.Total consumption in

40、 real terms rose by close on 11% during 1964, and per capita personal consumption by under 7%, as in 1963. The undesirable trend towards a rapid rise in consumption, evident in previous years, remained unaltered. Since at current prices consumption rose by 16% and disposable income by 13%, there was

41、 evidently a fall in the rate of saving in the private sector of the economy. Once again consumption patterns indicated a swift advance in the standard of living. Expenditure on food, especially bread and staple items, declined in significance, although consumption of fruit increased. Outlay on furn

42、iture and household equipment, health, eduction and recreation continued to increase. The greatest proof of altered living standards was the rapid expansion of expenditure on transport (including private cars) and personal services of all kinds, which occurred during 1964. The progressive affluence

43、of large sectors of the public was demonstrated by the changing composition of durable goods purchased. Saturation point was rapidly being approached for items such as the first household radio, gas cookers, and electric refrigerators, whereas increasing purchases of automobiles and television sets

44、were registered.（分数：8.00）(1).From this passage, we may infer that the people of the country were _.（分数：2.00）A.spending more money than they earnB.investing and consuming at an accelerated paceC.saving more money than previouslyD.spending their money wisely(2).The author calls the trend towards a rap

45、id rise in consumption “undesirable“ because _.（分数：2.00）A.expenditures on frills and luxuries increasedB.the standard of living was risingC.people were eating lessD.people were saving less(3).We may conclude that the country being discussed is not the United States _.（分数：2.00）A.because expenditures

46、for food declinedB.from the statement that the saturation point was rapidly being approached for first household radiosC.because no mention is made of military expendituresD.because the people were affluent(4).The area of greatest expenditure of investment funds occurred in _.（分数：2.00）A.the public s

47、ectorB.business premisesC.housing constructionD.a field which cannot be determined七、Part English-Chine(总题数：1，分数：20.00)21. We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his envi

48、ronment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same la

49、nguage means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together.What distinguishes the language of science from languages, as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and algebra. They manipulate with a small numb