【考研类试卷】考博英语-421及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语-421 及答案解析(总分：105.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：20.00)A man-made chemical that attracts male gypsy moths by duplicating the natural attractant of female gypsy moths has been patented as No. 3,018,219.Dr. Martin Jacobson of Silver Spring, Md., assigned patent rights to the U. S. Gov

2、ernment as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture. The chemical can be used to detect gypsy moth infestations, as well as to control the insects.The gypsy moth does serious damage to forest and shade trees in New England and eastern New York State. The caterpillars, or larvae, of gypsy moths ea

3、t the leaves of trees, often causing death by a single attack. Losses of hardwood trees have been estimated at tens of millions of dollars from a 20-year study.Gypsy moths were prevented from spreading to other U. S. forest areas by using the natural attractant of the female to detect infestations,

4、then spraying with chemicals such as DDT to kill the insects.Since the lure could previously be obtained only by clipping the last two abdominal segments of the virgin female moth, extracting the segments with benzene and then processing to stabilize the chemical, the procedure was expensive. Anothe

5、r difficulty was that, as the gypsy moth population declined, it became increasingly hard to obtain the females needed for lure production.Dr. Jacobson overcame both these difficulties by discovering a synthetic method for making the females attractant chemical. The chemical is known as 12-acetoxy-l

6、hydroxycis-9- octadecene. It is so potent that the fraction of a drop produced by the female is 200,000 times more than the amount needed to catch a mate. The synthetic chemical is also very powerful-it works in amounts about equivalent to one drop in a box car.The flightless female gypsy moth mate

7、s only once a year and, as soon as she does, an enzyme switches off production of the sex attractant. The winged male, however, call mate several times and it is because of this that the chemical is being used for pest control.By using a mixture of attractant and DDT in traps lined with a sticky sub

8、stance, enough males can be caught to reduce the gypsy moth population substantially.（分数：4.00）(1).The damage done by gypsy moths to trees in New England and New York is done by _.（分数：1.00）A.only the male mothB.only the female mothC.a substitute female attractantD.caterpillars(2).Prior to Dr. Jacobso

9、ns synthetic drug, scientists found difficulty in controlling the pest because _.（分数：1.00）A.the natural drug was unavailableB.female moths hid from the scientistsC.extracting the natural drug involved a complicated processD.the gypsy moth population declined(3).Dr. Jacobsons chemical works by _.（分数：

10、1.00）A.killing the caterpillarsB.attacking the larvaeC.killing the female mothD.attracting the male moth(4).We may assume that Dr. Jacobson assigned patent rights to the United States Government because he _.（分数：1.00）A.is a patriotic citizenB.is interested in pure researchC.is an employee of the Dep

11、artment of AgricultureD.wants to destroy the gypsy mothUnlike the carefully weighed and planned compositions of Dante, Goethes writings have always the sense of immediacy and enthusiasm. He was a constant experimenter with life, with ideas, and with forms of writing. For the same reason, his works s

12、eldom have the qualities of finish or formal beauty which distinguish the masterpieces of Dante and Virgil. He came to love the beauties of classicism, but these were never an essential part of his makeup. Instead, the urgency of the moment, the spirit of the thing, guided his pen. As a result, near

13、ly all his works have serious flaws of structure, of inconsistencies, of excesses and redundancies and extraneities.In the large sense, Goethe represents the fullest development of the romanticist. It has been argued that he should not be so designated because he so clearly matured and outgrew the k

14、ind of romanticism exhibited by Wordsworth, Shelley, and Keats. Shelley and Keats died young; Wordsworth lived narrowly and abandoned his early attitudes. In contrast, Goethe lived abundantly anti developed his faith in the spirit, his understanding of nature and human nature, and his reliance on fe

15、elings as mans essential motivating force. The result was all-encompassing vision of reality and a philosophy of life broader and deeper than the partial visions and attitudes of other romanticists. Yet the spirit of youthfulness, the impatience with close reasoning or “logic-chopping,“ and the cont

16、inued faith in nature remained his to tile end, together with an occasional waywardness and impulsiveness and a disregard of artistic or logical propriety which savor strongly of romantic individualism. Since so many twentieth century thoughts and attitudes are similarly based on the stimulus of the

17、 Romantic Movement, Goethe stands as particularly the poet of the modern man as Dante stood for medieval man and as Shakespeare for the man of the Renaissance.（分数：4.00）(1).The title that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：1.00）A.Goethe and DanteB.The Characteristics of Romanticism

18、C.Classicism versus RomanticismD.Goethe, the Romanticist(2).Goethes work shows a lack of _.（分数：1.00）A.inconsistenciesB.a vision of realityC.repetitionsD.formal polish(3).Goethe is called the poet of the modern man because _.（分数：1.00）A.he developed his faithB.he lived longer than Shelley and KeatsC.h

19、e presents many twentieth-century ideasD.avoidance of ideas(4).Good medieval writing was characterized by _.（分数：1.00）A.careful planningB.lack of beautyC.use of LatinD.avoidance of ideasThe coastlines on the two sides of the Atlantic Ocean present a notable parallelism: the easternmost region of Braz

20、il, in Pernambuco, has a convexity that corresponds almost perfectly with the concavity of the African Gulf of Guinea, while the contours of the African coastline between Rio de Oro and Liberia would, by the same approximation, match those of the Caribbean Sea.Similar correspondences are also observ

21、ed in many other regions of the earth. This observation began to awaken scientific interest about sixty years ago, when Alfred Wegener, a professor at the University of Hamburg, used it as a basis for formulating a revolutionary theory in geological science. According to Wegener, there was originall

22、y only one continent or landmass, which he called Pangea. Inasmuch as continental masses are lighter than tile base on which they rest, he reasoned, they must float on the substratum of igneous rock, known as sima, as ice floes float on the sea. Then why, he asked, might continents not be subject to

23、 drifting? The rotation of the globe and other forces, he thought, had caused the cracking and, finally, the breaking apart of the original Pangea, along an extensive line represented today by the longitudinal submerged mountain range in the center of the Atlantic. While Africa seems to have remaine

24、d static, the Americas apparently drifted toward the west until they reached their present position after more than 100 million years. Although the phenomenon seems fantastic, accustomed as we are to the concept of the rigidity and immobility of the continents, on the basis of the distance that sepa

25、rates them it is possible to calculate that the continental drift would have been no greater than two inches per year.（分数：4.00）(1).The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：1.00）A.A Novel TheoryB.PangeaC.Two Inches Per YearD.Static Africa(2).The submerged mountain ra

26、nge in the Atlantic _.（分数：1.00）A.runs from east to westB.runs from north to southC.is proof of Professor Wegeners theoryD.is made up of igneous rock(3).Professor Wegeners theory is _.（分数：1.00）A.an attempt to explain many geographical parallelismsB.based on a study of 100 yearsC.an analysis of the lo

27、st continentD.unsound(4).Sima, as described in this passage, is _.（分数：1.00）A.the basic substance of PangeaB.like an ice floeC.the submerged mountain rangeD.igneous rockA little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, a noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high governme

28、nt officials, to demonstrate an electrochemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work.After observing the demonstration closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, “Its a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?“I dont know,“ r

29、eplied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now youll be taxing them.“From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to t

30、he history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the workings of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms.to Hannibals remarkable feat of cr

31、ossing the Alps in 218 B.C. with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt“ of 40 elephants.or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality.These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, division of la

32、bor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18th-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inv

33、entions and new processes, among them John Kays Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Cromptons Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwrights Power Loom in 1785.（分数：4.00）(1).The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that _.（分数：1.00）A.politicians tax everythingB.peo

34、ple are skeptical about the value of pure researchC.taxes are uppermost in scientists mindsD.government should support scientists(2).Management is defined as _.（分数：1.00）A.accomplishing wondersB.the creator of the Industrial RevolutionC.the art of getting things doneD.supervising subordinates(3).Mana

35、gement came into its own _.（分数：1.00）A.in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firmsB.in Hannibals famous trip across the AlpsC.in the development of tile early Christian ChurchD.in the eighteenth century(4).A problem of management not mentioned in this passage is _.（分数：1.00）A.the problem

36、of commandB.division of laborC.control by authorityD.competitionThanks to the protection of the tombs, so secure against the ravages of time if not against the hand of man, we possess a more complete sampling of Etruscan art in all its forms than we do of any other ancient European culture. Except f

37、or the frescoes of Pompeii and Herculaneum, the Etruscan frescoes supply the only insight we have into the techniques of painting in classical civilization. It is in southern Etruria, where the tombs were cut in the rock, that these frescoes are preserved. They are intact at least until the tomb is

38、opened, whereupon deterioration begins. Fortunately it is now possible to remove the paintings from the walls and take them to the safety of the museum.The Etruscan painter used pleasantly simple mineral colors that be laid on a fresh layer of plaster applied to the rock wall. With large, uninterrup

39、ted surfaces to work on, he was prompted to make complex pictorial compositions. But his purpose is always clear. Enclosed forever in the tomb, his pictures were to evoke for the deceased the joys of life. The dead mans occupation, which he intended to resume in the afterlife, is often depicted. Sce

40、nes of banquets and feasts are frequent. These guaranteed eternal satisfaction and pleasure to the departed; in the happy phrase of tile Belgian scholar Franz Cumont, “the ghost of a diner could be nourished by the appearance of food.“ The frescoes also perpetuated the pleasant hours of sports, game

41、s and dances. When Etruria came on difficult times, the funerary frescoes took on a more somber tone: the features of the departed, which were formerly peaceful, were expressions of anxiety and even of anguish.Etruscan sculptors preferred to work in clay or bronze rather than in stone. They were par

42、ticularly fond of the bas-relief, in which they produced delightfully animated figures framed in elegant arabesques. Their forte, however, was the portrait. The art of portraiture had deep funerary significance: it furnished a faithful image of the deceased to aid his survival in the other life. Fre

43、quently, in the seventh century B. C. , the portrait of the deceased formed the lid of the crematory urn. Portraiture reached its peak in the last centuries of Etruscan civilization, when the characteristic Etruscan flair for detail, for the unusual, found its fullest expression.（分数：4.00）(1).The tit

44、le below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：1.00）A.Modern versus Classical ArtB.Invading the TombsC.Etruria-An Artists ParadiseD.Funerary Art in Etruria(2).The frescoes of Pompeii and Herculaneum are able to give us an insight into the techniques of painting in classical civi

45、lization because _.（分数：1.00）A.they were sealed off for centuries when Vesuvius eruptedB.they were cut in the rocksC.they used simple mineral colorsD.they preserved ancient religious rites(3).We may assume from this passage that _.（分数：1.00）A.Etruscan civilization coincides with Egyptian civilizationB

46、Etruscans embalmed the bodies of the deadC.Etruscans covered the burial vaults with portraitsD.Etruscan civilization in its later years became more rigorous(4).One kind of subject matter not found in the frescoes in the Etrurian tombs is _.（分数：1.00）A.dining scenesB.vocational activitiesC.portraits

47、of the godsD.athletic activities二、Part Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.Two trucks were reported to have _ head-on yesterday.（分数：1.00）A.bumpedB.crashedC.collidedD.struck2.The two newspapers gave different _ of what happened.（分数：1.00）A.versionsB.editionsC.productionsD.texts3.New data has _ that the damag

48、e to the ozone layer is not confined to the southern hemi- sphere.（分数：1.00）A.ratifiedB.confirmedC.assuredD.approved4.City officials am considering building a path to give the public _ to the site.（分数：1.00）A.recreationB.excessC.excursionD.access5.The report managed to get an _ interview with the Prim

49、e Minister.（分数：1.00）A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive6.The degree of economic growth is an _ of the level of living.（分数：1.00）A.indexB.advantageC.accessD.aspect7.They are both very determined people, so there s rather a _ of personalities.（分数：1.00）A.debateB.disagreementC.contestD.clash8.Ive never _ the theory that people am more important than animals.（分数：1.00）A.subscribed toB.hung onC.engaged inD.indulged in9.She _