【考研类试卷】考博英语-560及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语-560 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.In this factory the machines are not regulated _ but are jointly controlled by a central computer system;（分数：0.50）A.independentlyB.individuallyC.irrespectivelyD.irregularly2.The British are not so familiar with different culture

2、s and other ways of doing things, _ is often the case in other countries.（分数：0.50）A.asB.whatC.soD.that3.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _ down the economy.（分数：0.50）A.putB.settleC.dragD.knock4.When workers are organized in trade unions, employers

3、 find it hard to lay them _.（分数：0.50）A.offB.asideC.outD.down5.Professor Taylors talk has indicated that science has a very strong _ on the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.（分数：0.50）A.motivationB.perspectiveC.impressionD.impact6.It is _ of you to turn down the radio while your si

4、ster is still iii in bed.（分数：0.50）A.considerableB.considerateC.concernedD.careful7.These goods are _ for export, though a few of them may be sold on the home market.（分数：0.50）A.essentiallyB.completelyC.necessarilyD.remarkably8.They are a firm of good repute and have large financial _.（分数：0.50）A.reser

5、vesB.savingsC.storagesD.resources9.Because Edgar was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he _ his opinion.（分数：0.50）A.struck atB.strove forC.stuck toD.stood for10.He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any _ on what he promises.（分数：0.50）A.faithB.beliefC.creditD.reliance11.Over a th

6、ird of the population was estimated to have no _ to the health service.（分数：0.50）A.assessmentB.assignmentC.exceptionD.access12.Our corporations obligation under this _ is limited to repair or replacement.（分数：0.50）A.warrantyB.licenseC.marketD.necessity13.In 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a

7、 remote part of Eastern Europe _ Europe into a great war.（分数：0.50）A.insertedB.imposedC.pitchedD.plunged14.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be _ in some form.（分数：0.50）A.given offB.put outC.set off .D.used up15.The wealth of a count

8、ry should be measured _ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.（分数：0.50）A.in line withB.in terms ofC.in regard withD.by means of16.By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular _ children as Coca-Col（分数：0.50）A.A. forB. inC. toD. with17.My students found the book _

9、; it provided them with an abundance of in- formation on the subject.（分数：0.50）A.enlighteningB.confusingC.distractingD.amusing18.In the past 10 years, the company has gradually _ all of its smaller rivals.（分数：0.50）A.engagedB.occupiedC.monopolizedD.absorbed19.Frequently single-parent children _ some o

10、f the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.（分数：0.50）A.take offB.take afterC.take inD.take on20.Floods cause billions of dollars worth of property damage _.（分数：0.50）A.relativelyB.actuallyC.annuallyD.comparatively二、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The government is to ban payments t

11、o witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases (21) the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant (22) of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a (23) bill that will propose making payments to witnesses (24) and will strictly co

12、ntrol the amount of (25) that can be given to a case (26) a trial beginsIn a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee. Lord Irvine said he (27) with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not (28) sufficient control.(29) of the lette

13、r came two days after Lord Irvine caused a (30) of media protest when he said the (31) of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges (32) to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which (33) the European Convention on Human Rights l

14、egally (34) in Britain, laid down that everybody was (35) to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.（分数：15.00）A.as toB.for instanceC.in particularD.such asA.tighteningB.intensifyingC.focusingD.fasteningA.sketchB.roughC.preliminaryD.draftA.illogical

15、B.illegalC.improbableD.improperA.publicityB.penaltyC.popularityD.peculiarityA.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.asA.sidedB.sharedC.compliedD.agreedA.presentB.offerC.manifestD.indicateA.ReleaseB.PublicationC.PrintingD.ExposureA.stormB.rageC.flareD.flashA.translationB.interpretationC.exhibitionD.demonstrationA.know

16、better thanB.other thanC.rather thanD.sooner thanA.changesB.makesC.setsD.turnsA.bindingB.convincingC.restrainingD.sustainingA.authorizedB.creditedC.entitledD.qualified三、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activ

17、ists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concerned local residents, for instance, might immediately suspect environmental radiation as the culprit when a high incidence of cancer cases occurs near a nuclear facility. Epidemiologists, in contrast, would be more likely to say that the incid

18、ences were “inconclusive“ or the result of pure chance. And when a breast cancer survivor, Lorraine Pace, mapped 20 breast cancer cases occurring in her West Islip, Long Island, community, her rudimentary research efforts were guided more by hope-that a specific environmental agent could be correlat

19、ed with the cancers than by scientific method.When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontagious conditions such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background rate (the number of people affected in the general population), clus

20、ter size, and specificity (any notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable he considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is v

21、ery common in the general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War shipbuilders who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the duster and the fact that the men had had similar occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous miner

22、al.Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of occupational or medical clusters, only one community cancer cluster has ever been traced to an environmental cause. Health officials often discount a communitys suspicion of a common environmental cause because citizen

23、s tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this the problem of cancers latency. Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer ma

24、y have its roots in an exposure that occurred 10 to 20 years earlier.Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and other community activists is for nothing? Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long Island, the West Islip situation highli

25、ghted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork for a well designed scientific study.（分数：10.00）(1).The “hope“ mentioned in Paragraph 1 refers specifically to Paces desire to _.（分数：2.00）A.help reduce the incidence of breast cancer in future generationsB.improve her chances of surviving br

26、east cancerC.determine the cause responsible for her own breast cancer caseD.identify a particular cause for the breast cancer cases in West Islip(2).The case of the World War shipbuilders with lung cancer is an example of _.（分数：2.00）A.an occupational clusterB.a medical clusterC.a radiation clusterD

27、.an environmental cluster(3).The passage suggests that the fact that “only one community cancer cluster has ever been traced to an environmental cause“ (in the third paragraph) is most likely due to the _.（分数：2.00）A.methodological difficulties in analyzing community cancer clustersB.reluctance of ep

28、idemiologists to investigate environmental factors in cancerC.lack of credibility of citizen activists in claiming to have identified cancer agentsD.effectiveness of regulations restricting the use of carcinogens in residential areas(4).Activists may mistakenly consider a particular incidence of can

29、cer as part of a com- munity cluster despite the fact that _.（分数：2.00）A.the affected individual never worked with any carcinogenic materialB.the cancer was actually caused by a long-ago exposureC.the size of the cluster is too small to be meaningfulD.the cancer actually arose in a different geograph

30、ic location(5).The word “caveats“ (in the last paragraph) refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.refusals by epidemiologists to examine the work of Pace and other activistsB.potential flaws in amateur studies of cancer clusterC.warnings by activists concerning environmental dangers in their communitiesD.tendencies o

31、f activists to assume environmental causes for cancer五、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)My parents house had an attic, the darkest and strangest part of the building, reach- able only by placing a stepladder beneath the trapdoor, and filled with unidentifiable articles too important to be thrown out with th

32、e trash but no longer suitable to have at hand. This mysterious space was the memory of the place. After many years all the things deposited in it became, one by one, lost to consciousness. But they were still there, we knew, safely and comfortably stored in the tissues of the house. These days most

33、 of us live in smaller, more modern houses or in apartments, and at- tics have vanished. Even the deep closets in which we used to pile things up for temporary forgetting are rarely designed into new homes. Everything now is out in the open, openly acknowledged and displayed, and whenever we grow ti

34、red of a memory, an old chair, a trunkful of old letters, they are cast into the dump for burning.This has seemed a healthier way to live, except maybe for the smoke everything out to be looked at, nothing strange hidden under the roof, nothing forgotten because of no place left in impenetrable dark

35、ness to forget. Openness is the new lifestyle, no undisclosed belongings, no private secrets. Candor is the rule in architecture. The house is a machine for living, and what kind of machine would hide away its worn-out, deserted parts?But it is in our nature as human beings to clutter, and we long f

36、or places set aside, reserved for storage. We tend to accumulate and outgrow possessions at the same time, and it is an endlessly discomforting mental task to keep sorting out the, ones to get rid of. We might, we think, remember them later and find a use for then, and if they are gone for good, off

37、 to the dump, this is a source of nervousness. I think it may be one of the reasons we drum our fingers so much these days.We might take a lesson here from what has been learned about our brains in this century. We thought we discovered, first off, the attic, although its existence has been mentione

38、d from time to time by all the people we used to call great writers. What we really found was the trapdoor and a stepladder, and off we clambered, shining flashlights into the corners, vacuuming the dust out of bureau drawers, puzzling over the names of objects, tossing them down to the floor below,

39、 and finally paying around fifty dollars an hour to have them cast away for burning.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The Attic of the Brain.B.Openness of the Modern Lifestyle.C.Modern Houses and Old Houses.D.The Attic of My Parents Hous(2).When

40、comparing the new lifestyle with the old one, the author seems to assume a tone of _.（分数：2.00）A.admiration for the new lifestyleB.regret for the loss of the old lifestyleC.a contempt for the new lifestyleD.appreciation for both lifestyles(3).The word “candor“ in the third sentence of the third parag

41、raph probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.simplicityB.sophisticationC.opennessD.immensity(4).According to the author, it is human nature to _.（分数：2.00）A.keep accumulating and classifying new thingsB.search for new uses for old thingsC.set aside old things and reserve themD.disclose private secrets(5).The aut

42、hor implies in the last paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.it is not necessary to spend so much money studying the brainB.we have uncovered all the secrets about our brainsC.we are too eager to search every corner of our lifeD.modern buildings can still be constructed with the desired attics六、Passage 3(总题数

43、：1，分数：10.00)Doctors at Stanford University are studying a medication they hope will alleviate the suffering of millions of American women. But their target isnt breast cancer, osteoporosis, or a similarly well-known affliction. Despite its alarming impact on its victims, the malady in question has r

44、eceived comparatively little medical scrutiny. Its a “hidden epidemic,“ according to the Stanford researchers: compulsive shopping disorder.Thats right. What was once merely a punchline in television sitcoms is now being taken seriously by many clinicians. According to the Stanford studys leader, Dr

45、. Lorrin Koran, compulsive shopping is “motivated by irresistible impulses, characterized by spending that is excessive and inappropriate, has harmful consequences for the individual, and tends to be chronic and stereotyped.“ Compulsive shoppers “binge buy“ -most often clothes, shoes, makeup, and je

46、welry-and then suffer intense guilt. That, in turn, helps trigger another frenzied trip to the mall, and the cycle continues.Could compulsive shopping be a health hazard associated with Americas unparalleled economic prosperity? “It seems to be a disease of affluence,“ says Dr. Jerrold Pollak, a cli

47、nical psychologist whos treated several shopaholics. “Advertisers. would like us to think that shopping is a reason to live,“ agrees Dr. Cheryl Carmin, another clinical psychologist. “If you do not have the time or inclination to go to the mall or grocery store, there are catalogs, delivery services

48、, home shopping networks on TV, and endless items to buy via the Internet.“ Indeed, this year, US advertisers will spend $ 233 billion-an amount equal to six federal education budgets to persuade Americans to buy, buy, buy.Yet the possibility that US advertisers may be driving certain women in our s

49、ociety t9 psychosis is only part of the story. It seems that the pharmaceutical companies quest to cure the effects of excessive marketing may itself be little more than a cleverly-disguised marketing scheme. The Stanford study, like many of its kind, is being funded by a pharmaceutical company. The undisclosed drug is an FDA-approved antidepressant, specifically an SSRI-a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor. (The re