【考研类试卷】考博英语-599及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语-599 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jerseys biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of t

2、he head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had

3、enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shootin, star

4、t thinkin, and keep livin.“ The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker, who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city, believes t

5、he surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area where 80% of the citys recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.W

6、hen a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr. Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr. Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes (or hopes) that

7、after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness. For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by povertyalmost one in three people lives below the poverty lineand growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical. Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has

8、 deep social problems: over 60% of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr. Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Ne

9、wark airport workers used to come from Newark; now, a year later, the figure is 30%. Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30% (though the murder rate looks likely to match last years high).（分数：20.00）(1).What happened in N

10、ewark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murder.B. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Judging from the context, the “Community Eye“ (Line 6, Para.

11、 2) is _.A. a watching system for gun crime B. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community business D. a grassroots organization（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT _.A. violence B. flood C. poverty D. indifference（分数

12、：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Mayor Bookers efforts against crime seem to be _.A. idealistic B. impractical C. effective D. fruitless（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The best title for the passage may be _.A. Stop Shootin, Start Thinkin, and Keep LivinB. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the Cit

13、yD. Violent Murders in Newark（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.三、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The idea that it is the business of governments to cheer up their citizens has moved in recent years to centre-stage. Academics interested in measures of GDH (gross domestic happiness) were once forced to turn to the esoteric exam

14、ple of Bhutan. Now Britains Conservative-led government is compiling a national happiness index, and Nicolas Sarkozy, Frances president, wants to replace the traditional GDP count with a measure that takes in subjective happiness levels and environmental sustainability.Martin Seligman, a former pres

15、ident of the American Psychological Association, would approve. He has uncovered various structured ways of perking people up, all of them, he insists on the very first page of his new book, “grounded in careful science“. Much of this book consists of the results of various complex tests and interve

16、ntions designed to reduce depression and anxiety and increase resilience and self-discipline. Writing a “what-went-well-today-and-why“ diary for a week, for example, tends to lower depression levels for as much as six months, he claims.“Flourish“ represents a partial rejection of Mr. Seligmans previ

17、ous work, “Authentic Happiness“ (a title he says was forced on him by his publisher). To focus solely on happiness rather than the more expansive concept of “well-being“, Mr. Seligman now says, is a form of “monism“ that neglects important ingredients, such as “relationships“ and “accomplishment“.Re

18、search consistently shows that parents are less satisfied with their lives than the childless. Yet the human race continues to propagate itself. Either, says Mr. Seligman, we are “massively deluded“ about the effects of children on our happiness, or we take more than “life satisfaction“ into account

19、 when choosing to breed.Mr. Seligmans book is, in effect, an attempt to add dashes of both Aristotelian wisdom and Nietzschean grit to the stock of Benthamite utilitarianism that underlies much of the newer work in this field. Mr. Seligman says he now rejects the Aristotelian view that all human act

20、ion aims at happiness. But Aristotles term, eudaimonia, usually rendered in English as “happiness“, actually translates better as “flourishing“. Moreover, Mr. Seligmans emphasis on “good character“ is reminiscent of the Aristotelian virtues. As for Nietzsche, whose ironic writings seem to occupy ano

21、ther universe from Mr. Seligmans empirically grounded “positive psychology“, his idea that the “will to power“ drives much human action finds ready approval here.Mr. Seligman has fans. Schools and universities around the world are using his work to craft happier, more robust students. A test designe

22、d by Mr. Seligman and his colleagues to assess the psychological fitness of serving troops will, he says, be taken by all American soldiers every year. The many critics of positive psychology are unlikely to be swayed by this book, particularly given its tone, by turns cheesy and hubristic, and its

23、sloppy editing. But they appear to be losing the argument.（分数：20.00）(1).From Para. 1 we may infer that GDH _.A. has moved to centre-stageB. is more important than GDPC. is a subjective term to measure happinessD. is an important issue that attracts peoples attention（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The expressio

24、n “perking up“ (Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means _.A. inspiring someone B. encouraging someoneC. praising someone D. regaining ones good spirits（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to Mr. Seligman, the human race choose to breed because we _.A. long for happiness B. are not satisfied with our livesC.

25、seek for “life satisfaction“ D. are generally misguided（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statements would Mr. Seligman probably agree?A. All human action aims at happiness.B. Eudaimonia, rendered in English is “happiness“.C. “Good character“ is the equivalent of the Aristotelian virtues.D.

26、 Eudaimonia, rendered in English should be “flourishing“.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors opinion on critics of positive psychology may be _.A. neutral B. objective C. commendatory D. derogatory（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.四、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Doctors can easily tell when someone is having a heart attack, bu

27、t one thing they cant do is to predict an attack before it happens. Even patients who come in for stress tests and get a clean bill of health often end up back in the hospital with a heart attack just days later.But researchers say that may soon change, thanks to a study that used a blood test to de

28、tect certain cells that are sloughed off from weakened blood vessel walls. The cells are called circulating endothelial ceils (CECs) and they herald the first stages of a heart attack, according to Dr. Eric Topol, chief academic officer for Scripps Health and lead author of the study published in th

29、e journal Science Translational Medicine.Heart experts currently believe that heart attacks start days before a clot actually forms and blocks the flow of blood to the heart, says Topol. The first stages of a heart attack involve a weakening or erosion of the blood vessel walls, which then attracts

30、inflammatory cells that damage the endothelial cells lining the inside of the blood vessels. Eventually, under the immense inflammatory pressure, these cells undergo mutations and start to clump together before sloughing off to float around in the blood.In the study, involving 50 patients who had a

31、heart attack and 44 healthy controls, the heart attack patients had more than four times the concentration of CECs in their blood than the controls. The CECs in the heart patients also looked different from those in the healthy people, often appearing misshapen and large, with multiple nuclei.Resear

32、chers first connected CECs to impending heart attacks back in 1999, but Topols work takes that early investigation further, with a more sophisticated way of identifying CECs in the blood. The current research is also the most indepth study to date of the structural changes that distinguish these cel

33、ls. “For the first time, we can isolate these cells through techniques that were not available in 1999,“ says Topol. “They are like a window into the process that underlies an imminent heart attack.“The researchers were able to draw on work from the cancer field, where efforts to identify tumor cell

34、s that break off from growths and enter the bloodstream are helping to diagnose cancers earlier. Using specific proteins or cell markers that appear exclusively on the surface of blood vessel cells, Topol and his colleagues came up with a molecular profile for CECs that he hopes will form the basis

35、of a more user-friendly test in coming years.They are also in the process of doing extensive genetic tests on the cells in order to construct a dossier on its gene activity. Already, he says, they know that the cells are abnormal, and have more than one nucleus, compared to the single nucleus in nor

36、mal cells. “These cells are sick,“ he says. “They are much multinucleated, and have undergone many somatic mutations and have altered cell structure.“Its also becoming clear that the CECs start sloughing off the vessel walls a few days to a week or so before fatty plaques rupture and form blood clot

37、s, causing a heart attack. That means that testing for CECs can help doctors predict who is on the verge of having an event. This could be especially helpful for the many patients who come into emergency rooms every day, complaining of vague chest-tightening or tingling sensations, but show no signs

38、 of the elevated heart enzymes that would indicate a heart attack. These people are often sent home, only to come back several days later with a heart attackand by that time its too late, the heart muscle may already be damaged. “Its one of the most common misdiagnoses in American medicine,“ says To

39、pol, “of the missed signs of heart attack.“If the test is validated, it might immediately be used to triage such patients, helping to predict who will have a heart attack in coming days and who is likely suffering from some other ailment, such as severe indigestion or heartburn. But ultimately, Topo

40、l hopes to see the technology embedded into a more permanent surveillance device that could keep track of CEC concentrations on a continuous basis. “In the long term, now that we have the molecular signature of the CECs, we could put it in a nanosensor that is embedded into a tiny vein in high risk

41、people who are most vulnerable to having a heart attack, and have that sensor talk to their cell phone, so they get an alert that they might have a heart attack in a few days.“Thats still a long way away, but the results suggest that the more immediate benefits of checking for CECs might help thousa

42、nds of people predict, and possibly avoid, their next heart attack.（分数：20.00）(1).Which of the following do the doctors use for blood testing?A. They use circulating endothelial cells to stop heart attack.B. They use a dossier for blood testing to predict heart disease.C. They use endothelial cells f

43、or the test to prevent heart attack.D. They use somatic mutations to test blood for heart disease prediction.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which is not true about the first stages of a heart attack?A. Human bodys blood vessel walls is getting to be weakened and corroded.B. A clot will come into being and blo

44、ck the flow of blood.C. Endothelial cells will be damaged by inflammatory cells in the body.D. Endothelial cells lining the outside of the blood vessels will be blocked.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What did researchers find during the study?A. They found heart attack patients concentration of CECs in blood

45、was lower than patients with healthy controls.B. They found the CECs in the heart patients were different from those in the healthy people.C. The CECs of heart patients were often regular and small, with multiple nuclei.D. The CECs of patients with healthy control were usually malformed and large.（分

46、数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What do we know about Circulating Endothelial Cells (CECs) from this passage?A. CECs can not be isolated from the vessel cells in 1999.B. CECs start sloughing off the vessel wails after fatty plaques rupture and form blood clots.C. CECs can totally prevent the happening of heart a

47、ttack.D. CECs can be identified easily and correctly.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the passage, which of the following is true?A. The blood test has been proved.B. Some signs of heart attack can be easily found.C. Misdiagnosis of heart attack in America is not unusual.D. If the test is successfu

48、l, heart disease will be avoided at last.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The hotels are full, Japanese tourists throng the designer stores of Waikiki, and the unemployment rate is a mere 3% of the workforce. So what could possibly knock Hawaii, the “aloha“ or “welcome“ state, off its wave?

49、The answer is that Hawaiis 1.2m residents may one day get fed up with playing host to overseas visitors, 7m of them this year.Indeed, some residents are already fed up. KAHEA, an alliance of environmentalists and defenders of native Hawaiian culture, bemoans the pollution caused by the cruise ships and the risk posed by the tourist hordes to creatures such as the dark-rumped petrel and the Oahu tree snail, or to plants like the Marsilea villosa fern. KAHEA has a point: the US Fish whether these are exceeded by any benef