【考研类试卷】考博英语-90及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语-90 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd.“

2、 William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit“ carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develo

3、p new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact

4、, the more new things we trythe more we step outside our comfort zonethe more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. But don“t bother trying to kill off old habits, once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they“re there to stay. Instead, the new

5、habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,“ says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind“. “But we are taught instead to “decide,“ just as our president calls himself “th

6、e Decider.“ She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.“ All of us work through problems in ways of which we“re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are b

7、orn with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable dur

8、ing the first decade or so of life. The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief systemthat anyone can do anything,“ explains

9、 M.J.Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will.“ and Ms. Markova“s business partner. “That“s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you“re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.“ This is where developing new habits comes in.（分数：25.00）(1).In Words

10、worth“s view, “habits“ is characterized being _.（分数：5.00）A.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.(2).Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be _.（分数：5.00）A.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided(3).The word “ruts“ (Line 1, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to _.（分数：5.00

11、）A.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections(4).Dawna Markova would most probably agree that _.（分数：5.00）A.ideas are born of a relaxing mindB.innovativeness could be taughtC.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD.curiosity activates creative minds(5).Ryan“s comments suggest that the practice o

12、f standardized testing _.（分数：5.00）A.prevents new habits from being formedB.no longer emphasizes commonnessC.maintains the inherent American thinking modeD.complies with the American belief system三、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：25.00)The Internet can make the news more democratic, giving the public a chance to ask

13、 questions and seek out facts behind stories and candidates, according to the head of the largest U.S. online service. “But the greatest potential for public participation is still in the future,“ Steven Case, Chairman of America Online, told a recent meeting on Journalism and the Internet sponsored

14、 by the Freedom Forum(论坛). However, some other experts often say the new technology of computers is changing the face of journalism, giving reporters access to more information and their readers a chance to ask questions and turn to different sources. “You don“t have to buy a newspaper and be confin

15、ed to the four comers of that paper any more,“ Sam Meddis, online technology editor at “USA Today“, observed about the variety of information available to computer users. But the experts noted the easy access to the Internet also means anyone can post information for others to see. “Anyone can say a

16、nything they want, whether it“s right or wrong,“ said Case. Readers have to determine for themselves who to trust. “In a world of almost infinite voices, respected journalists and respected brand names will probably become more important, not less,“ Case said. “The Internet today is about where radi

17、o was 80 years ago, or television 50 years ago or cable 25 years ago,“ he said. But it is growing rapidly because it provides people fast access to news and a chance to comment on it.（分数：25.00）(1).The main topic of this passage is _.（分数：6.25）A.the development of journalismB.the rapid development of

18、the InternetC.the effect the Internet has on journalismD.the advantages of the Internet(2).It can be inferred from this passage that the fact that _ may NOT be regarded as an advantage of the Internet.（分数：6.25）A.the news can be made more democraticB.the public can turn to different sourcesC.the publ

19、ic can get a chance to ask questionsD.anything can be posted on the Internet for others to see(3).The correct order for the appearance of the four technologies is _.（分数：6.25）A.Internet-cable-television-radioB.radio-television-cable-InternetC.radio-cable-television-InternetD.television-radio-cable-In

20、ternet(4).Which of the following statements is true?（分数：6.25）A.Only respected journalists can post information on the Internet for others to see.B.Respected journalists will probably become more important than before.C.Everyone is using the Internet now.D.The greatest potential of public participati

21、on of the Internet is in the near future.四、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)There is a range of activities which require movements of about one to four or five miles. These might be leisure activities, such as moving from home to swimming pool, tennis club, the theater or other cultural centers, or to a second

22、ary or more advanced school, or they might be movements associated with work and shopping in the central areas of cities. The use of cars capable of carrying five people at 80 mph for satisfying these needs is wasteful of space and most productive of disturbance to other road users. The use of the b

23、icycle, or some more modem derivative of it, is probably worth more consideration than has recently been given to it. The bicycle itself is a remarkably efficient and simple device for using human muscular energy for transportation. In pure energy terms, it is four to five times as efficient as walk

24、ing, even though human walking itself is twice as efficient as the movement of effective animals such as dogs or gulls. It is still widely used, not only in some developing countries where bicycles are major means of people and goods, but in a few richer towns such as Amsterdam in Holland and Cambri

25、dge in England. It usually gives inadequate protection from the weather, is not very suitable for carrying goods, and demands considerable muscular work to make progress against wind or uphill. It also offers its rider no protection against collisions with other vehicles. All these difficulties coul

26、d, however, be greatly eliminated, if not removed, with relatively small changes in design. The whole machine could be enclosed in a plastic bubble which would provide some protection in case of accidents. It would be easy to add a small petrol or electric motor. A wide variety of designs would be p

27、ossible. As in rowing, we might employ the power of the arms or the general body musculature, as well as those of the legs; more muscular exercise would be good for the health of many people in cities, and a wide use of bicycle like muscle-powered vehicles would be a useful way to ensure this. It co

28、uld also provide ample opportunities for showing off by the young and vigorous.（分数：25.00）(1).The main idea of the first paragraph is that the car _.（分数：6.25）A.can satisfy the demand for speedB.causes waste of spaceC.produces disturbance to other road usersD.is far from perfect for short range moveme

29、nts(2).More attention should be given to the bicycle as a means of transport because it is _.（分数：6.25）A.a very efficient and simple deviceB.much cheaper than a carC.widely used in Amsterdam and CambridgeD.still used by rich people(3).Enclosing the bicycle in a plastic bubble would _.（分数：6.25）A.make

30、it easier to useB.save muscular energyC.provide protection from the weatherD.prevent it from colliding with other vehicles(4).Which of these is untrue for the present bicycle?（分数：6.25）A.It is far more efficient than the movement of animals.B.It offers its rider no protection.C.It is not very suitabl

31、e for carrying goods.D.It can hardly be improved on.五、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Telecommutingsubstituting the computer for the trip to the jobhas been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work. For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and h

32、elp with child-care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes lateness and absenteeism by eliminating commuters, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility. In some areas, such as Southern California and

33、Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour traffic and improve air quality. But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences

34、between telecommuting realities and popular images. Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer programmer from New York City moves to the quiet Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. A manager comes in to his office three days a

35、week and works at home the other two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephone modem connections and does office work between calls to the doctor. These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommuting workers soon learn that it

36、is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time. Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family. Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done. Management

37、, too, must separate the myth from the reality. Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting, in most cases it is the employee“s situation, not the availability of technology, that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement. That is partly why, despite the widespread press co

38、verage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs of policy guidelines remains small.（分数：25.00）(1).What is the main subject of the passage?（分数：6.25）A.Business management policies.B.Driving to work.C.Extending the workplace by means of computers.D.Computers for child-care purposes.(2).Which

39、of the following is NOT mentioned as a problem for employers that is potentially solved by telecommuting?（分数：6.25）A.Employees“ lateness for work.B.Employees“ absence from work.C.Employees“ need for time alone to work intensively.D.Employees“ conflicts with second jobs.(3).Which of the following does

40、 the author mention as a possible disadvantage of telecommuting?（分数：6.25）A.Small children cannot understand the boundaries of work and play.B.Computer technology is never advanced enough to accommodate the needs of every situation.C.Electrical malfunctions can destroy a project.D.The worker often do

41、es not have all the needed resources at home.(4).Which of the following is an example of telecommuting as described in the passage?（分数：6.25）A.A scientist in a laboratory developing plans for a space station.B.A technical writer sending via computer documents created at home.C.A computer technician r

42、epairing an office computer network.D.A teacher directing computer-assisted learning in a private school.考博英语-90 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxin

43、g into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd.“ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit“ carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same con

44、text as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeabl

45、e creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we trythe more we step outside our comfort zonethe more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. But don“t bother trying to kill off ol

46、d habits, once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they“re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,“ says Dawna Markova, au

47、thor of “The Open Mind“. “But we are taught instead to “decide,“ just as our president calls himself “the Decider.“ She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.“ All of us work through probl

48、ems in ways of which we“re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shu

49、ts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief systemthat anyone can do anything,“ explains M.J.Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will.“ and Ms. Markova“s business partner. “That“s a lie that we have perpetuated,