【考研类试卷】考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷110及答案解析.doc

1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 110 及答案解析(总分：32.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：32.00)In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capabili

2、ty of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, th

3、eir friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living

4、 can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned. Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the tas

5、k of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greate

6、r speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunication developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, a

7、nd very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the particip

8、ants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is o

9、f greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power“ may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the

10、most critical requirement of all people.（分数：8.00）(1).The word “it“(Line 3, Para. 2)most probably refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.the lack of stable communitiesB.the breakdown of informal information channelsC.the increased mobility of familiesD.the growing number of people moving from place to place(2).The ma

11、in problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that_.（分数：2.00）A.they have to learn new things consciouslyB.they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy informationC.they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readilyD.they can hardly carry out casual communicat

12、ions with an extended family(3).From the passage we can infer that_.（分数：2.00）A.electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messagesB.it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information eraC.people will spend less time holding meetings or conferencesD.events

13、will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites(4).We can learn from the last paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.it is necessary to obtain as muchB.people should make the best use of the informationC.we should realize the importance of accumulating informationD.it is of vital importance to acquire ne

14、eded information efficientlyPersonality is to a large extent inherentA-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One

15、place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt “the win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their cla

16、ssmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conq

17、uer!“ By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of

18、failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into Bs. The world needs A-types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of school

19、s with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose o

20、ur doctors exclusively from A-type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually_.（分数：2.00）A.impatientB.considerateC.aggressiveD.agreeable(2).The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because_.（分

21、数：2.00）A.the pressure is too great on the studentsB.some students are bound to failC.failure rates are too highD.the results of examinations are doubtful(3).The selection of medical professionals are currently based on_.（分数：2.00）A.candidatessensitivityB.academic achievementsC.competitive spiritD.sur

22、er values(4).From the passage we can draw the conclusion that_.（分数：2.00）A.the personality of a child is well established at birthB.family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristicsC.the development of one s personality is due to multiple factorsD.B-type characteristics can find no place

23、 in competitive societyThat experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful perfor

24、mance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typica

25、lly, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences . Practice(or review)tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem ob

26、vious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when ones memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting m

27、ay produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happ

28、en if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may

29、 no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who(by ordinary standards)forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity th

30、at provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage(input)and forgetting(output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such

31、data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.（分数：8.00）(1).From the evolutionary point of view,_.（分数：2.00）A.forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptiveB.if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptiveC.the

32、 gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual s adaptabilityD.sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences(2).According to the passage, if a person never forgot,_.（分数：2.00）A.he would survive bestB.he would have a lot of troubleC.his ability to learn would be enhancedD.t

33、he evolution of memory would stop(3).From the last paragraph we know that_.（分数：2.00）A.forgetfulness is a response to learningB.the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systemC.memory is a compensation for forgettingD.the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because for

34、getting occurs(4).In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of_.（分数：2.00）A.rememberingB.forgettingC.adaptingD.experiencingThe American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be prod

35、uced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines ho

36、w these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resource

37、s are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative

38、 demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend

39、to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own pr

40、oductive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain righ

41、ts, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.（分数：8.00）(1).In Line 7, Paragraph 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes“ means_.（分数：2.00）A.Americans are never satisfied with their incomesB.Americans tend to over

42、state their incomesC.Americans want to have their incomes increasedD.Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes(2).The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that_.（分数：2.00）A.producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized productionB.consumers can express their

43、demands through producersC.producers decide the prices of productsD.supply and demand regulate prices(3).According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by_.（分数：2.00）A.private property and rights concernedB.manpower and natural resources controlC.ownership of productive resou

44、rcesD.free contracts and prices(4).The passage is mainly about_.（分数：2.00）A.how American goods are producedB.how American consumers buy their goodsC.how American economic system worksD.how American businessmen make their profits考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 110 答案解析(总分：32.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，

45、分数：32.00)In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information

46、 and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the inform

47、al flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casu

48、al communications of the extended family must be consciously learned. Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific

49、 problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunication developments enable the sending of messages via tel