【考研类试卷】考研英语-试卷198及答案解析.doc

1、考研英语-试卷 198及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_In his 1979 book, The Sinking Ark, biologist Norman Myers estimated that (1)_ of more

2、than 100 human-caused extinctions occur each day, and that one million species (2)_ by the century“s end. Yet there is little evidence of (3)_ that number of extinctions. For example, only seven species on the (4)_ species list have become extinct (5)_ the list was created in 1973. Bio (6)_ is an im

3、portant value, according to many scientists. Nevertheless, the supposed mass extinction rates bandied about are (7)_ by multiplying (8)_ by improbables to get imponderables. Many estimates, for instance, rely a great deal on a “species-area (9)_“, which predicts that twice as many species will be fo

4、und on 100 square miles (10)_ on ten square miles. The problem is that species am not distributed (11)_, so how much of a forest am destroyed may be as important as (12)_. (13)_, says Ariel Lugo, director of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry in Puerto Rico, “Biologists who predict hig

5、h (14)_ rates (15)_ the resiliency of nature“. One of the main muses of extinctions is deforestation. According to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, what destroys tropical trees is not commercial logging, (16)_ “poor farmers who have no other (17)_ for feeding their fami

6、lies than slashing and burning a (18)_ of forest“. In countries that practice modern (19)_ agriculture, forests are in (20)_ danger. In 1920, U.S. forests covered 732 million acres. Today they cover 737 million.（分数：40.00）A.an averageB.a numberC.a sumD.an amountA.disappearedB.would disappearC.will di

7、sappearD.would have disappearedA.anywhere nearB.somewhere nearC.anytime whenD.something likeA.extinctB.endangeredC.rareD.warnedA.beforeB.althoughC.asD.sinceA.selectionB.differenceC.diversityD.varietyA.distortedB.achievedC.magnifiedD.overstatedA.unknownsB.unbalancedsC.inappropriatesD.irrelevantsA.equ

8、ationB.calculationC.coordinationD.classificationA.whereB.whatC.asD.fromA.heavilyB.randomlyC.sparselyD.thicklyA.which timeB.which partsC.how longD.how severeA.In additionB.ButC.InsteadD.As a resultA.extinctionB.extinctiveC.extinctD.extinguishedA.underplayB.underrateC.understateD.undermineA.ratherB.as

9、C.butD.exceptA.facultyB.optionC.prospectD.professionA.plotB.blockC.patchD.pieceA.high-productionB.low-productionC.high-yieldD.low-yieldA.noB.possibleC.imminentD.constant二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer

10、 the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._In most people“s mind, growth is associated with prosperity. We judge how well the economy is doing by the size of the Gross National Product (GNP), a measure, supposedly, of growth. Equally axiomatic, however, is the notion that increased pre

11、ssure on declining natural resources must inevitably lead to a decline in prosperity, especially when accompanied by a growth in population. So, which is correct? What growth advocates mean, primarily, when they say growth is necessary for prosperity is that growth is necessary for the smooth functi

12、oning of the economic system. In one field the argument in favor of growth is particularly compelling and that is with regard to the Third World. To argue against growth in light of Third World poverty and degradation seems unsympathetic. But is it? Could it be that growth, especially the growth of

13、the wealthier countries, has contributed to the impoverishment, not the advancement, of Third World countries? If not, how do we account for the desperate straits these countries find themselves in today after a century of dedication to growth? To see how this might be the case we must look at the i

14、mpact of growth on Third World countriesthe reality, not the abstract stages-of-economic-growth theory advocated through rose-colored glasses by academicians of the developed world. What good is growth to the people of the Third World if it means the conversion of peasant farms into mechanized agri-

15、businesses producing commodities not for local consumption but for export, if it means the stripping of their land of its mineral and other natural treasures to the benefit of foreign investors and a handful of their local collaborators, if it means the assumption of a crushing foreign indebtedness?

16、 Admittedly, this is an oversimplification. But the point, I believe, remains valid: that growth in underdeveloped countries cannot simply be judged in the abstract; it must be judged based on the true nature of growth in these societies, on who benefits and who is harmed, on where growth is leading

17、 these people and where it has left them. When considered in this way, it just might be that in the pre sent context growth is more detrimental to the well-being of the wretched of the earth than beneficial. So, do we need growth for prosperity? Only the adoption of zero growth can provide the answe

18、r. But that is a test not easily undertaken. Modern economies are incredibly complex phenomena, a tribute to man“s ability to organize and a challenge to his ability to understand. Anything that affects their functioning, such as a policy of zero growth, should not be proposed without a wary careful

19、ness and self-doubting humility. But if the prospect of leaping into the economic unknown is fear-inspiring, equally so is the prospect of letting that fear prevent us from acting when the failure to act could mean untold misery for future generations and perhaps environmental disaster which threate

20、n our very existence.（分数：10.00）(1).21 Which of the following statements does the author agree with?（分数：2.00）A.Gross National Product is a safe measure for economic growth.B.Increasing natural resources will bring social well-being.C.Prosperity decline mostly accompanied by population growth.D.Growth

21、 does not necessarily result in prosperity.(2).The author seem to believe that prosperity（分数：2.00）A.won“t be achieved without economic growth.B.can only be achieved with economic growth.C.can be achieved without the participation of the wealthy countries.D.will be achieved by selling farm produce in

22、 local market.(3).through rose-colored glasses(Paragraph 3) means（分数：2.00）A.overoptimistically,B.romantically.C.purposelesslyD.shortsightedly.(4).The author“s attitude towards the impact of growth on the current socio-economic situation is（分数：2.00）A.negative,B.positive.C.contradictory.D.uncertain.(5

23、).We can learn from the last paragraph, zero growth（分数：2.00）A.will be attained through dramatic social changesB.is the best policy in the long rumC.is worth trying though perhaps not safe.D.needs further consideration to determine its feasibility.IT is a startling claim, but one that Congresswoman D

24、eborah Pryce uses to good effect: the equivalent of two classrooms, full of children are diagnosed with cancer every day. Mrs. Pryce lost her own 9-year-old daughter to cancer in 1999. Pediatric cancer remains a little-understood issue in America, where the health-care debate is consumed with the il

25、ls, pills and medical bills of the elderly. Cancer kills more children than any other disease in America. Although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades, the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease, increased by almost a th

26、ird between 1975 and 2001. Grisly though these statistics are, they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41,000 each year) and lung cancer (164,000). Advocates for more money for child cancer prefer to look at life-years lost. The average age for cancer dia

27、gnosis in a young child is six, while the average adult is diagnosed in their late 60s. Robert Arceci, a pediatric cancer expert at Johns Hopkins, points out that in terms of total life-years saved, the benefit from curing pediatric cancer victims is roughly the same as curing adults with breast can

28、cer. There is an obvious element of special pleading in such calculations. All the same, breast cancer has attracted a flurry of publicity, private fund-raising and money from government. Childhood cancer has received less attention and cash. Pediatric cancer, a term which covers people up to 20 yea

29、rs old, receives one-twentieth of the federal research money doled out by the National Cancer Institute. Funding, moan pediatric researchers, has not kept pace with rising costs in the field, and NCI money for collaborative research will actually be cut by 3 % this year. There is no national pediatr

30、ic cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult sufferers. A pilot childhood-cancer registry is in the works. Groups like Mr. Reaman“s now get cash directly from Congress. But it is plainly a problem most politici

31、ans don“t know much about. The biggest problem could lie with 15-19-year-olds. Those diagnosed with cancer have not seen the same improvement in their chances as younger children and older adults have done. There are some physical explanations for this: teenagers who have passed adolescence are more

32、 vulnerable to different sorts of cancer. But Archie Bleyer, a pediatric oncologist at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre in Texas, has produced some data implying that lack of health insurance plays a role. Older teenagers and young adults are less likely to be covered and checked regularly.（分数：10.00）

33、(1).The author cites the example of Mrs. Pryce to show that（分数：2.00）A.child cancer is no longer a rare case.B.nowadays Americans care little about child cancer.C.the current health-care debate is rather time-consuming.D.school kids are more likely to be diagnosed with cancer.(2).According to Robert

34、Arceci, child cancer research is also worth funding because（分数：2.00）A.the statistics of child cancer is rather scary.B.a saved child may enjoy a longer life span.C.adults with cancer do not deserve that much funding.D.funding on child cancer is economical and effective.(3).Those 15-19-year-olds diag

35、nosed with cancer（分数：2.00）A.were born with defects in immune systems.B.are more likely to recover from a cancer.C.can not get enough medical care.D.suffer a lot during adolescence.(4).The author writes this passage to（分数：2.00）A.inspire greater concern for the well being of children.B.warn people of

36、the harms caused by cancer.C.interpret the possible cause of child cancer.D.change the public“s indifference to kids with cancer.(5).The author“s attitude towards the current state of childhood cancer（分数：2.00）A.concerned.B.desperate.C.carefree.D.indignant.The uniqueness of the Japanese character is

37、the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions, and the selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as 1860s there were counter movement to traditional orientation. One of the fan, us spokesmen of Japan“s “Enlightenment“ claimed “the Confucian

38、 civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere.“ Another break of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an

39、important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially, students; but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again, in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant. Following the end of World War , substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to

40、 liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal

41、 freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar. Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life. School textbooks emphasize equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are oft

42、en misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones. Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but leftovers of the old order remain. An important feature of relationshi

43、p in many institutions, including political parties and universities is the “oyabun-kobun“ or parent-child relation. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group

44、and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The “oyabun-kobun“ creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a

45、superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even with the same profession.（分数：10.00）(1).The spokesman of Japan“s “Enlightenment“ thinks that（分数：2.00

46、）A.the traditional culture should be replaced by western civilization.B.Japanese ought to forsake the Confucian civilization of the East.C.the Confucian civilization in Japan should be revived.D.Japan should introduce western civilization.(2).Which of the following statement of the Japan“s culture i

47、s true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Substantial changes occurred in democratic process at the end of World War .B.The democratic idea was accepted immediately by the whole society after the World War .C.Nowadays the Confucianism outweighs the new value system in Japan.D.Today the Confucianism

48、 is a functioning part of the Japanese society.(3).Today in Japan, democratic values（分数：2.00）A.are frequently misunderstood and exaggerated by the young.B.have been systematically excluded from textbooks.C.are consciously rejected by adults who cherish traditions.D.have made it possible for the tradition to last long.(4).Which of the following is most like the relationship of the “oyabun-kobun“ described in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.A political candidate and the voting public.B.A gifted scientist and his learners.C.A judge and a criminal defendan