【考研类试卷】考研英语-试卷219及答案解析.doc

1、考研英语-试卷 219 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_When lab rats sleep, their brains revisit the maze they navigated during the day, acc

2、ording to a new study (1)_ yesterday, offering some of the strongest evidence (2)_ that animals do indeed dream. Experiments with sleeping rats found that cells in the animals“ brains fire in a distinctive pattern (3)_ the pattern that occurs when they are (4)_ and trying to learn their way around a

3、 maze. Based on the results, the researchers concluded the rats were dreaming about the maze, (5)_ reviewing what they had learned while awake to (6)_ the memories. Researchers have long known that animals go (7)_ the same types of sleep phases that people do, including rapid-eye-movement (REM) slee

4、p, which is when people dream. But (8)_ the occasional twitching, growling or barking that any dog owner has (9)_ in his or her sleeping pet, there“s been (10)_ direct evidence that animals (11)_. If animals dream, it suggests they might have more (12)_ mental functions than had been (13)_. “We have

5、 as humans felt that this (14)_ of memoryour ability to recall sequences of experienceswas something that was (15)_ human“, Wilson said. “The fact that we see this in rodents (16)_ suggest they can evaluate their experience in a significant way. Animals may be (17)_ about more than we had previously

6、 considered“. The findings also provide new support for a leading theory for (18)_ humans sleepto solidify new learning. “People are now really nailing down the fact that the brain during sleep is (19)_ its activity at least for the time immediately before sleep and almost undoubtedly using that rev

7、iew to (20)_ or integrate those memories into more usable forms“, said an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.（分数：40.00）A.relatedB.retainedC.releasedD.relievedA.as yetB.stillC.howeverD.by thenA.intersectingB.parallelingC.resemblingD.differingA.sleepingB.dreamingC.awakeD.aware

8、A.in circlesB.in accordC.in caseD.in essenceA.eraseB.consolidateC.disciplineD.improveA.forB.byC.throughD.inA.instead ofB.as well asC.apart fromD.except forA.guaranteedB.encounteredC.confirmedD.witnessedA.littleB.someC.muchD.enoughA.cryB.memorizeC.dreamD.sleepA.complexB.confusedC.vigorousD.instantane

9、ousA.validatedB.recognizedC.calculatedD.evaluatedA.remainderB.acquisitionC.propertyD.accuracyA.mainlyB.uniquelyC.approximatelyD.respectivelyA.didB.doesC.wouldD.willA.displayingB.thinkingC.performingD.behavingA.whyB.whenC.howD.whereA.reviewingB.analyzingC.decodingD.stressingA.consolidateB.transformC.

10、reorganizeD.renovate二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Mark Twain once observed that giving up smoking is easy. He knew, because he“d done it hundr

11、eds of times himself. Giving up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so? Few doctors believe any longer that it is simply a question of will power. And for those people that continue to view

12、addicts as merely “weak“, recent genetic research may force a rethink. A study conducted by Jacqueline Vink, of the Free University of Amsterdam, used a database called the Netherlands Twin Register to analyze the smoking habits of twins. Her results suggest that an individual“s degree of nicotine d

13、ependence, and even the number of cigarettes he smokes per day, are strongly genetically influenced. The Netherlands Twin Register is a voluntary database that is prized by geneticists because they allow the comparison of identical twins (who share all their genes) with fraternal twins (who share ha

14、lf). In this case, however, Dr. Vink did not make use of that fact. For her, the database was merely a convenient repository of information. Instead of comparing identical and fraternal twins, she concentrated on the adult fraternal twins, most of whom had completed questionnaires about their habits

15、, including smoking, and 536 of whom had given DNA samples to the register. The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA “letters“, some of which can be strung together to make sense (the genes), but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function. To follow what is going o

16、n, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behavior pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby

17、gene is influencing that feature or behavior. Dr. Vink hopes that finding genes responsible for nicotine dependence will make it possible to identify the causes of such dependence. That will help to classify smokers better (some are social smokers while others are physically addicted) and thus enabl

18、e “quitting“ programmes to be customized. Results such as Dr. Vink“s must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr. Vink really has exposed a gene

19、tic link with addiction, then Mark Twain“s problem may eventually become a thing of the past.（分数：10.00）(1).The author cites the example of Mark Twain to show that（分数：2.00）A.quitting smoking is no easy job.B.kicking the habit of smoking demands a strong will.C.some people are frustrated by failing to

20、 give up smoking.D.some people may be destined to fail quitting smoking.(2).What can be inferred from the third paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The fraternal twins are much more valued by researchers.B.Two kinds of twins are often been compared in research.C.Identical twins are more likely to be addicted to sm

21、oking.D.Fraternal twins are more genetically similar than identical twins.(3).The word “customized“(Paragraph 5) can best be substituted by（分数：2.00）A.diversified.B.tailored.C.simplified.D.justified.(4).Dr. Vink“s results must be interpreted with care because（分数：2.00）A.it may have negative effects on

22、 related studies.B.it is unreliable so far.C.it may provide an excuse for nicotine addicts.D.it could undermine the anti-smoking movement.(5).The passage is mainly about（分数：2.00）A.an innovative way of quitting smoke.B.a possible link between genetics and smoking.C.an impressive study on fraternal tw

23、ins.D.a famous person“s experience quitting smoking.When enthusiasts talk of sustainable development, the eyes of most people glaze over. There is a whiff of sack-cloth and ashes about their arguments, which usually depend on people giving up the comforts of a modern economy to achieve some debatabl

24、e greater good. Yet there is a serious point at issue. Modern industry pollutes, and it also seems to cause significant changes to the climate. What is needed is an industry that delivers the benefits without the costs. And the glimmerings of just such an industry can now be discerned. That industry

25、 is based on biotechnology. At the moment, biotech“s main uses are in medicine and agriculture. But its biggest long-term impact may be industrial. Here, it will diminish demand for oil by taking the cheapest raw materials imaginable, carbon dioxide and water, and using them to make fuel and plastic

26、s. Plastics and fuels made in this way would have several advantages. They could accurately be called “renewables“, since nothing is depleted to make them. They would be part of the natural carbon cycle, borrowing that element from the atmosphere for a few months, and returning it when they were bur

27、ned or dumped. That means they could not possibly contribute to global warming. And they would be environmentally friendly in other ways. Bioplastics are biodegradable, since bacteria understand their chemistry and can therefore digest them. Biofuels, while not quite “zero emission“ from the exhaust

28、 pipe (though a lot cleaner than petrol and diesel), would be cleaner overall even than the fuel-cell technology now being touted as an alternative to the internal-combustion engine. That is because making the hydrogen that fuel cells use is not an environmentally friendly process, and never will be

29、unless it, too, uses biotechnology. All this will, in the end, depend on costs. But these do not look unfavorable. Already, the price of bioplastics overlaps the top end of the petroleum-based plastics market. Bulk production should bring prices down, particularly when the raw materials are free. Me

30、anwhile, ethanol would be a lot easier to introduce than fuel cells. Existing engines will run on it with minor tweaking, so there is no need to change the way cars are made. And since, unlike hydrogen, it is a liquid, the fuel-distribution infrastructure would not need radical change. The future co

31、uld be green in ways that traditional environmentalists had not expected. Whether they will embrace that possibility, or stick to sack-cloth, remains to be seen.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, applying biotechnology to industry（分数：2.00）A.has brought about sustainable development.B.proves to b

32、e nothing but an imagination.C.will deprive most people of modern comforts.D.contributes to the environmentally sound development.(2).The word “depleted“(Line 2, Paragraph 3) can be substituted by（分数：2.00）A.exhausted.B.discarded.C.abandoned.D.wasted.(3).One advantage of the biofuels is that（分数：2.00）

33、A.they will not pollute the environment.B.they are degradable by bacteria.C.they are cheaper than hydrogen fuels.D.they are suitable for internal-combustion engine.(4).According to paragraph 4, _.（分数：2.00）A.the prospect of biotechnology industry depends on its marketing cost.B.fuel cells are easier

34、to be utilized in auto industry than biofuels.C.biofuels will replace the fuel cells in the near future.D.the price of bioplastics shows a downward trend.(5).The best title for the passage might be_.（分数：2.00）A.A World Clean Yet in Comfort.B.Conserving Before It“s Too Late.C.There Is Only One Earth.D

35、.The Fuel-Hungry Planet.Quite apart from any awkwardness in the way he handled the hostile bid by rival Oracle for the firm he was running, Craig Conway seems to have been an unpopular CEO of PeopleSoft, a large enterprise-software company. Three managers who reported directly to him were apparently

36、 close to resigning in frustration, and the board was unhappy about “misstatements“ he made to analysts. So even though there was no “smoking gun“, as the board put it, Mr. Conway was fired on October 1st and replaced by the firm“s founder, David Duffield. Mr. Duffield“s brief is now to address Mr.

37、Conway“s perceived shortcomings and his obsession with fending off the $7.7 billion takeover bid from Oracle. At the same time, says Paul Hamerman of Forrester, a research firm, Mr. Conway offered no compelling technological vision for PeopleSoft, and seemed deaf to “quite a noise level of customer

38、complaints“. Mr. Conway“s firing prompted much speculation that PeopleSoft might now be more prepared to negotiate with Oracle rather than fight it. But PeopleSoft insists that both Mr. Duffield and the board focus on a long-term strategy for the company, not a quick sale. On the same day that Mr. C

39、onway was fired, however, Oracle scored another victory when America“s Justice Department said that it would not appeal against a judge“s decision to allow the takeover on antitrust grounds. So, this week, the battle moved to another courtroom, in Delaware, where both companies are registered. In th

40、is suit, Oracle is claiming that PeopleSoft is not properly looking after the interests of its shareholders by using a “poison pill“ and a “customer assurance programme“ to keep Oracle at bay. The poison pill is a very common provision, and one that PeopleSoft has had for almost a decade. It floods

41、the market with new shares if a predator buys more than 20% of PeopleSoft“s equity, thus making an acquisition very difficult. The customer-rebate programme, by contrast, was put in place last June. It guarantees that any PeopleSoft client can get a refund for between two and five times its software

42、-licence fee if support for that software is ever cut off. To Oracle, this represents another dirty tactic, since it amounts to a potential liability of more than $2 billion. To PeopleSoft, however, it was not only fair but necessary to retain customers, since Oracle said at the time of its bid that

43、 it planned to kill PeopleSoft“s products and switch clients to its own. The two companies“ lawyers are likely to be at it for another few weeks, which could yet, see a higher bid from Oracle.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, Craig Conway _.（分数：2.00）A.tactfully handled Oracle“s hostile bid.B.i

44、nduced the resign of his three managers.C.ignored customers“ grievances.D.is technologically illiterate.(2).The phrase “smoking gun“ in the first paragraph probably means（分数：2.00）A.conclusive evidence.B.unconvincing excuse.C.fundamental conflict.D.irresistible cause.(3).PeopleSoft claims that the Or

45、acle“s takeover of PeopleSoft（分数：2.00）A.is hard to resist.B.is not given first priority.C.depends on its validity.D.is irrational.(4).Oracle“s current difficulty to take over PeopleSoft is that（分数：2.00）A.this kind of trade is now illegal.B.PeopleSoft has adopted anti-takeover strategy.C.PeopleSoft d

46、emands a high price.D.Mr. Conway rejects the takeover.(5).The best title for this passage might be（分数：2.00）A.Acquisition of PeopleSoft.B.Can the New Boss Save PeopleSoft?C.New Boss, New strategy.D.Who Is the Winner, PeopleSoft or Oracle?A friend of mine had a grandfather who supervised the payroll a

47、t a large company long ago. People who knew him say this man was a paragon of virtue when it came to making sure the employees were treated fair and square on every payday. But he also believed that once wages were disbursed, workers should take full responsibility for their financial security. In h

48、is view, honest labor and thrifty habits were basic elements of the free-enterprise system. Nobody should expect any money unless they earned it. He opposed company pension plans, and was thoroughly dismayed by the fiscal structure and benefits of Social Security. I wonder how many people hold the same views now. The debate about changing Social Security is part of a larger question: What obligation, if any, do Americans feel toward fellow citizens who need help? Note, I didn“t say “less fortunate“, “disadvantaged“, or some othe