【考研类试卷】考研英语（阅读）-试卷62及答案解析.doc

1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 62 及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：50.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part B（分数：10.00）_Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herb

2、ert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 1. American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the la

3、te 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropologythe scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefsthus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 2. In the early 1900s in North

4、America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 3. Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique

5、history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture . 4. Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students ofBoas. But a number of anthropologists in th

6、e early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffiisionists, then spread to other cultures. 5. Also in the early 1900s,

7、French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European,

8、 and especially British, anthropology. AOther anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism. BIn order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in

9、linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy. CHe argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,“ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanc

10、ed races and societies. DThey also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people“ s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children“ s entrance into adulthood. EThus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of

11、 marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved. FSupporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning. GFor example, Bri

12、tish anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at

13、different times in many parts of the world.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in th

14、e palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true. The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter an

15、d printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. 1. The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critiq

16、ue. The computer is the 21 st century“ s culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. 2. I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realize that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passiv

17、e consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing. All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the wo

18、rld downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goodspaintings, sculpture and architectureand superfluous experiences music, literature, religion and philosophy. 3. For all the possibilities of our new cultu

19、re machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to

20、just consume. 4 . Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. 5. What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness“creations and experiences to whic

21、h others adhere. AOf course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity. BApplicati

22、ons like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others. CNot only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to emb

23、ed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day. DThis is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploadingbetween passive consumption and active creationwhose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

24、EThe challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players. FOne reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world“ s me

25、dia culture has been defined by a single medium televisionand television is defined by downloading. GThe networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项

26、 1:_填空项 1:_The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has s

27、wollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today“ s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. 1.Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineere

28、d crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. 2. This is a shamethe community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schump

29、eter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction. Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental chang

30、e“ or “climate change“ have increased rapidly since 2004. 3. When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community“s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of

31、knowledge is doubtful. The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. 4.This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today“s economic climate. The trick is to direct these f

32、unds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from

33、 social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. 5.That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems. AIt could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one

34、 that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs. BHowever, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1, 600 of the 100, 000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these k

35、eywords. CThe idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change, food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies. DThe solution is to change the mindset

36、 of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones. EThese issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations,

37、as well as technological development Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy. FDespite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some ar

38、e up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development. GDuring the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development fun

39、dsincluding government, higher education, non-profit and corporate varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_考研英语（阅读）-试卷 62 答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：50.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：

40、10.00）_解析：2.Part B（分数：10.00）_解析：Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly ph

41、enomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 1. American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropologythe scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefsth

42、us becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 2. In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as Historical p

43、articularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 3. Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture . 4. Histo

44、rical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students ofBoas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism Some attributed virtua

45、lly every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffiisionists, then spread to other cultures. 5. Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durk

46、heim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology. AOther anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inven

47、tions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism. BIn order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy. CHe argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,“ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies. DT