【考研类试卷】中医综合-中药学(二十一)及答案解析.doc

1、中医综合-中药学(二十一)及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? (1) an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets (2) the details. Wherever anything happens in the w

2、orld, reporters are on the spot to (3) the news. Newspapers have one basic (4) , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to (5) it. Radio, telegraph, television, and (6) inventions brought competition for newspaper. So did the development of m

3、agazines and other means of communication. (7) , this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the (8) and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are (9) and read than ever before. Compet

4、ition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers (10) of the latest news, todays newspapers (11) and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers economic choices (12) advertising. Most newspapers depend

5、 on advertising for very (13) . Newspapers are sold at a price that (14) even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main (15) of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The (16) in selling advertising depends on a newspapers value to advertisers. This (17) in terms of circula

6、tion. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends (18) on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment (19) in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value to readers as a source of information (20) the community, cit

7、y, county, state, nation, and worldand even outer space.（分数：10.00）(1).A Just when B While C Soon after D Before（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A to give B giving C given D being given（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A gather B spread C carry D bring（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A reason B cause C problem D purpose（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.

8、(5).A make B publish C know D write（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A another B other C one another D the other（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A however B And C Therefore D Furthermore（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A value B ratio C rate D speed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A spread B passed C printed D completed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A info

9、rm B be informed C to be informed D informed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A entertain B encourage C educate D edit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A on B through C with D of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A forms B existence C contents D purpose（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A tries to cover B manages to cover C fails to cover D succeed

10、s in covering（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A source B origin C course D finance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A way B means C chance D success（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A measures B measured C is measured D was measured（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A somewhat B little C much D something（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A offering B offered

11、C which offered D to be offered（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A by B with C at D about（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The United States experienced some of the most extreme weather events in its history this spring, including deadly outbreaks

12、 of tornadoes, near-record flooding, drought and wildfires. Damages from these disasters have already passed $ 32 billion, and the hurricane season, which is just beginning, is projected to be above average, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Government scientists said

13、Wednesday that the frequency of extreme weather has increased over the past two decades, in part as a result of global warming caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. But they were careful not to blame humans for this years rash of deadly events, saying that in some ways weat

14、her patterns were returning to those seen at the beginning of the last century. “Looking at long-term patterns since 1980, indeed, extreme climatological and meteorological events have increased,“ said Thomas R. Karl, director of NOAAs National Climatic Data Center. “But in the early part of the 20t

15、h century, there was also a tendency for more extreme events followed by a quiet couple of decades. “Presenting a new NOAA report on 2011 extreme weather, Dr. Karl said that extremes of precipitation have increased as the planet warms and more water evaporates from the oceans. He also said models su

16、ggest that as carbon dioxide builds up in the atmosphere and heats the planet, droughts will increase in frequency and intensity. “But it is difficult and unlikely to discern a human fingerprint, if there is one, on the drought record of the United States,“ he said.Some other climate scientists were

17、 more categorical about the human contribution to extreme climate events. Kevin Trenberth, distinguished senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, said that when the greenhouse effect caused by burning fossil fuels is added to the natural variability of climate, weather disas

18、ters can be expected to occur more frequently. “Global warming is contributing to an increased incidence of extreme weather because the environment in which all storms form has changed from human activities,“ Dr. Trenberth said in a telephone interview Wednesday. “Records are not just broken, they a

19、re smashed. It is as clear a warning as we are going to get about prospects for the future. “April was a particularly devastating month for tornadoes and rainfall, with 875 tornadoes reported during the month and heavy rain and snowmelt contributing to Mississippi River flooding later in the spring

20、that surpassed the historic floods of 1927 and 1937. So far this year, there have been nearly 1,400 preliminary tornado reports nationwide; those reports will most likely be whittled down to about 900 confirmed tornadoes, the second-highest annual total recorded in modern times. The record is 1,011

21、confirmed tornadoes in 2008. The year also is on track to be one of the deadliest, with 536 fatalities so far from tornadoes, placing 2011 in sixth place in United States history and the deadliest since 1936.（分数：10.00）(1).While scientists see more deadly weather, theyA have dispute over the causes.B

22、 dont think the situation is deteriorating.C admit that it is not the worst in history.D assess the damages as being below average.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Dr. Karl, extreme weather is mainly attributable toA arbitrary human activities.B changing weather patterns.C an increase in climatolog

23、ical events.D human failure to control the weather.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following would blame human activities for the increase in extreme weather?A Thomas R. Karl.B Kevin Trenberth.C The NOAA.D Government scientists.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Those who blame human activities attribute height

24、ened extreme weather toA the natural climatological and meteorological variability.B the increased frequency and intensity of storms and droughts.C the higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.D the global warming caused by evaporation from the ocean.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The number of torna

25、does mentioned in the last paragraph indicates thatA the tornadoes have been the number one killers in United States since 1927.B 2011 will see the greatest number of tornadoes in the history of the United States.C flooding has caused the greatest number of casualties in recent years.D the frequency

26、 of extreme weather has dramatically increased in recent years.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Those of us hurrying to finish our taxes by tomorrows deadline will probably be subjected to thoughts of the I.R.S. (Internal Revenue Service) as an all-powerful bully. But the truth is, the gover

27、nment is not always a match for the tax advisors of wealthy people, so a lot of taxes will go unpaid at the top of the income scale.Lawyers who represent high-income taxpayers earn more than 10 times what senior government lawyers doan obvious disadvantage for the government agencies in attracting a

28、nd retaining top talent. The lawyers who write our tax rules are overworked and sometimes inexperienced, so that they leave loopholes that are exploited by more experienced private lawyers. And the government always loses cases which it should win, and provides private lawyers with precedents.As thi

29、s vicious cycle shows, skimping (节约) on tax administration is a false economy. Instead, if we substantially increase government salaries and staffing levels, we can raise more revenue, with lower tax rates and less waste. Four reforms should be adopted immediately.First, the government should focus

30、on hiring talented young lawyers, since the pay disparity with the private sector is narrower for them. These efforts will be more effective if Congress helps new graduates repay student loans, which often are more than $100,000. A loan repayment program would be a powerful recruiting device.Second,

31、 the government should tap another promising talent poolrecent retirees from private practiceto mentor young lawyers. The salary gap is less of an issue for retirees, and the opportunity to give back to the tax system can be quite appealing.Third, the government should retain a small team of a dozen

32、 top tax lawyers at salaries closer to the market rate. They can serve as a rapid reaction force, deciding whether to shut down a new aggressive strategy immediately or to let it be evaluated through usual government channels.Fourth, the government should retain private lawyers to help with high-pri

33、ority projects. An important constraint is that lawyers who represent private clients may view it as a conflict to help the government. But this is not always true.Through bar associations, private lawyers already volunteer to review proposed changes in the tax law and offer ways to improve them. Ta

34、x academics can also be a valuable and conflict-free source of expertise, since they ordinarily do not represent clients. And some tax litigators (诉讼律师) may view it as a prestigious opportunity and a patriotic service to represent the government in a tax case that could set an important precedent.Th

35、e tax system can be only as strong as the people who run it, so the government has to recruit and retain the most promising talent. A tax system can be fair and efficient only when it is administered soundly.（分数：10.00）(1).The text suggests that the wealthy people in the U.S. _A Seldom pay their taxe

36、s.B Always hurry to finish their taxes by the deadline.C Employ advisors m avoid tax payments.D Enjoy the same tax rate as people with ordinary income.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The underlined word“ disparity“ (Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means _A equity.B gap.C quantity.D accord.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(

37、3).Private lawyers can easily exploit advantages in current tax system mainly because _A they earn more than the lawyers working for the government.B they are more experienced and talented.C the tax system only suits the poor.D they want successful precedents to improve their career.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D

38、.(4).Which of the following is true of the text?A The U.S. government revenue agencies always bully taxpayers.B The salary gap between senior government lawyers and private lawyers is smaller.C Private lawyers are unwilling to help the government make countermeasures against themselves.D Reforms in

39、tax administration can help reduce waste and tax rate, and collect more revenue.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the text, the most important factor to perfect tax system is to _A improve tax administration.B lower the income of private lawyers.C ask people to pay tax through moral methods.D change

40、 the current tax rate.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Soon after his appointment as secretary-general of the United Nations in 1997, Kofi Annan lamented that he was being accused of failing to reform the world body in six weeks. “But what are you complaining about?“ asked the Russian ambass

41、ador. “Youve had more time than God.“ Ah, Mr. Annan quipped back, “but God had one big advantage. He worked alone without a General Assembly, a Security Council and all the committees.“Recounting that anecdote to journalists in New York this week, Mr. Annan sought to explain why a draft declaration

42、on UN reform and tackling world poverty, due to be endorsed by some 150 heads of state and government at a world summit in the city on September 14th-16th, had turned into such a pale shadow of the proposals that he himself had put forward in March. “With 191 member states“, he sighed, “its not easy

43、 to get an agreement.“Most countries put the blame on the United States, in the form of its abrasive new ambassador, John Bolton, for insisting at the end of August on hundreds of last-minute amendments and a line-by-line renegotiation of a text most others had thought was almost settled. But a grou

44、p of middle-income developing nations, including Pakistan, Cuba, Iran, Egypt, Syria and Venezuela, also came up with plenty of last-minute changes of their own. The risk of having no document at all, and thus nothing for the worlds leaders to come to New York for, was averted only by marathon all-ni

45、ght and all-weekend talks.The 35-page final document is not wholly devoid of substance. It calls for the creation of a Peacebuilding Commission to supervise the reconstruction of countries after wars; the replacement of the discredited UN Commission on Human Rights by a supposedly tougher Human Righ

46、ts Council; the recognition of a new “responsibility to protect“ peoples from genocide and other atrocities when national authorities fail to take action, including, if necessary, by force; and an “early“ reform of the Security Council. Although much pared down, all these proposals have at least sur

47、vived.Others have not. Either they proved so contentious that they were omitted altogether, such as the sections on disarmament and non-proliferation and the International Criminal Court, or they were watered down to little more than empty platitudes. The important section on collective security and

48、 the use of force no longer even mentions the vexed issue of pre-emptive strikes; meanwhile the section on terrorism condemns it “in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes“, but fails to provide the clear definition the Americans wanted.Both Mr. A

49、nnan and, more surprisingly, George Bush have nevertheless sought to put a good face on things, with Mr. Annan describing the summit document as “an important step forward“ and Mr. Bush saying the UN had taken “the first steps“ towards reform. Mr. Annan and Mr. Bolton are determined to go a lot further. It is now up