【考研类试卷】中医综合-中药学(十八)及答案解析.doc

1、中医综合-中药学(十八)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Even plants can run a fever, especially when they are under attack by insects or disease. But (1) humans, plants can have their temperature (2) from 3,000 feet awaystraight up. A decade ago, (3) the infrared scanning technolo

2、gy developed for military purpose and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley (4) a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine (5) ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmer (6) target pesticide spraying (7) rain poison on a whole field, which (8) include plants that dont have

3、the pest problem.Even better, Paleys Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problem before they became (9) to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet (10) , an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were (11) into a color-coded map showing (12) plants were

4、running “fevers“. Farmers could then spot spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they (13) would.The bad news is that Paleys company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers (14) the new technology and long-term backers were hard (15) . But with the renewed concern about pesti

5、cides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to (16) into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt about the technology works. “This technique can be used (17) 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States,“ says George Oerther of Texas AM. Ray Jackson, who recently

6、 retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks (18) infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But (19) Paley finds the financial backing (20) he failed to obtain 10 years ago.（分数：10.00）(1).A as B with C like D unlike（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A taken B take C took D taking（分数：

7、0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A adopted B adopting C adapted D adapting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A put up with B came up to C came up with D stood up to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A whose B which C what D where（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A precisely B extraordinarily C exceedingly D extremely（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A more than B less

8、 than C rather than D other than（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A dominantly B deliberately C accidentally D invariably（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A seeming B clear C apparent D visible（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A at night B for the night C in night D over night（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A transmitted B transferred C transform

9、ed D transported（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A how B where C what D when（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A otherwise B still C thus D therefore（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A persisted in B resisted C insisted on D assisted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A to find out B to be found C to find D to be found on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A get

10、 off B get out C get away D get back（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A of B in C for D on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A remote B lonely C removed D desolate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A even if B if only C only if D though（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A where B which C how D when（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)

11、三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Aimee Hunter, a research psychologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, has long studied individual responses to antidepressants. Being skeptical of the true effectiveness of the drugs, she says she was originally interested in researching t

12、he impact of placebos. But over the years, her own data began convincing her otherwise. “Ive come to see now, by doing the research myself and spending hours looking at numbers, that the medication is absolutely doing something,“ Hunter says.In an earlier study that Hunter published in 2009, she and

13、 her team used the same QEEG technique on 58 patients, who were given a placebo daily for one week before being randomized to take either placebo or an active drug. Researchers found distinct patterns of brain activity in the patients; not everyone responded to the placebo the same way. “We found th

14、at changes in brain function occurring during the first week of placebo predicted who will do well on medication,“ she says.The region where changes were recordedin the prefrontal lobeis thought to be involved in generating expectations. A common explanation for the placebo effect is that the mere a

15、nticipation of improvement begets real benefit. But in the case of Hunters patients, the changes in brain activity predicted actual response to the antidepressant , not to placebo.Intriguingly, in patients who showed the specific brain response associated with antidepressant-related recovery, the mo

16、st significant improvement was seen in what psychologists call interpersonal sensitivity how people respond to either positive or negative social events. When suffering from depression, patients tend to become inured to positive social cues and oversensitized to negative ones. They may interpret a p

17、asserbys frown as being directed at them, for instance, and some research has found that depressed people are more likely to misidentify smiling faces as conveying neutral or negative emotions. The patients who improved with medication in Hunters study “were less sensitive to rejection and more comf

18、ortable with others,“ she says.Reducing emotional sensitivitynot treating depression per seis what medications like Prozac, which affect the levels of serotonin in the brain, do best, according to Healy. If that entire class of drugs had been studied and marketed as pills to reduce emotional reactiv

19、ity rather than depression, he says, “the placebo response would be very small compared to the drug. “Still, treating a patients oversensitivity does not necessarily help depression. For some people whose illness is marked by social dread and misperceived rejections, reducing that anxiety could be c

20、ritical. But for someone whose depression is primarily experienced as deep sadness and inability to feel pleasure, blunting emotional sensitivity may do little good. These differences further explain why the drugs may produce such varied individual responses.Evidence suggests that about 80% of peopl

21、e with depression can be helped by drugs, talk therapy or a combination of the two, so although it is critical to figure out which treatments work for which patients, the larger question remains: Why arent most patients getting good care, and why do we continue to insist that so many of those taking

22、 antidepressants dont really need them?（分数：10.00）(1).At the beginning of her research, HunterA could not distinguish antidepressants from placebos.B found medication was of no use to depressed patients.C did not believe antidepressants could really help patients.D did not use the right medical instr

23、ument to do her experiment.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It is generally believed that placebos can work on some patients becauseA the patients believe in the effects of these placebos.B the placebos have generated real effects on the patients.C the patients are never told anything about the placebos.D the p

24、lacebos are milder medications than antidepressants.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The most important finding Hunter has made is thatA antidepressants never work on any patients with depression.B antidepressants lower the patients interpersonal sensitivity.C depressed people tend to look at the negative side

25、of a situation.D depressed people never get along well with other people.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Reducing emotional sensitivityA is what a placebo can do for patients.B cannot help depressed patients at all.C works better with some patients than with others.D is the only thing an antidepressant can do.

26、（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It is implied in the last paragraphA talk therapy is the most effective treatment for depressed people.B it is easy to figure out which patient should receive which treatment.C a combination of talk therapy and drugs works best on depressed patients.D antidepressants should not

27、be treated simply as another kind of placebos.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The domestic economy in the United States expanded in a remarkably vigorous and steady fashion. The revival in consumer confidence was reflected in the higher proportion of incomes spent for goods and services and

28、 the marked increase in consumer willingness to take on installment debt. A parallel strengthening in business psychology was manifested in a stepped-up rate of plant and equipment spending and a gradual pickup in expenses for inventory. Confidence in the economy was also reflected in the strength o

29、f the stock market and in the stability of the bond market. For the year as a whole, consumer and business sentiment benefited from the ease in East-West tensions.The bases of the business expansion were to be found mainly in the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies that had been pursued. Moreov

30、er, the restoration of sounder liquidity positions and tighter management control of production efficiency had also helped lay the groundwork for a strong expansion. In addition, the economic policy moves made by the President had served to renew optimism on the business outlook while boosting hopes

31、 that inflation would be brought under more effective control. Finally, of course, the economy was able to grow as vigorously as it did because sufficient leeway existed in terms of idle men and machines.The United States balance of payments deficit declined sharply. Nevertheless, by any other test,

32、 the deficit remained very large, and there was actually a substantial deterioration in our trade account to a sizable deficit, almost two-thirds of which was with Japan. While the overall trade performance proved disappointing, there are still good reasons for expecting the delayed impact of devalu

33、ation to produce in time a significant strengthening in our trade picture. Given the size of the Japanese component of our trade deficit, however, the outcome will depend importantly on the extent of the corrective measures undertaken by Japan. Also important will be our own efforts in the United St

34、ates to fashion internal policies consistent with an improvement in our external balance.The underlying task of public policy for the year ahead-and indeed for the longer run-remained a familiar one: to strike the right balance between encouraging healthy economic growth and avoiding inflationary pr

35、essures. With the economy showing sustained and vigorous growth, and with the currency crisis highlighting the need to improve our Competitive posture internationally, the emphasis seemed to be shifting to the problem of inflation. The Phase Three program of wage and price restraint can contribute t

36、o reducing inflation. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economys larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided. (449 words)Notes: inventory n.存货。East-West tension

37、s 东西方紧张局势。fiscal (与国库的钱有关的)财务的(常指税收)。liquidity 周转率，清偿力。leeway n.回旋，余地。given 鉴于，由于。the Phase Three program 第三个阶段计划。（分数：10.00）(1).The author mentions increased installment debt in the first paragraph in order to showA the continuing expansion of the economy.B the growth of consumer purchasing power.C

38、the consumers confidence in the economy.D the soaring consumer incomes for spending.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Paragraph 2 mainly deals withA the revival of stronger liquidity positions.B the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies.C the causes of business development for the period.D economic policy mea

39、sures suggested by the President.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the authors attitude towards the reduction of the international payments deficit seemsA bitter-sweet.B optimistic.C sympatheticD depressing.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Part of the public policy task, as o

40、utlined in the text, is toA prevent payments deficit.B avoid inflationary pressures.C devalue the dollar.D increase the balance of trade.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be learned from the last paragraph that the Phase Three program containedA reduced government spending.B devaluation of the dollar.C pr

41、oductivity measures.D wage and price controls.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Fear seems to be the dominant mood of the moment. Hurricanes, tidal waves, floods, earthquakes and terrorism this year have all brought with them not only appalling scenes of devastation, death and suffering, but

42、also outrage at the lack of preparations to avoid or cope with these disasters. Now even the birds of the air are a threat, we are told. That migrating flock visible on the horizon at sunset, once a consoling reminder of the eternal rhythms of nature, could be carrying the virus which might soon kil

43、l tens of millions of people. Given the many fingers pointed at governments in the wake of other disasters this year, it is hardly surprising that they are scrambling to respond to the threat posed by avian influenza. After confirmation this week that the H5N1 strain of bird flu, which has been spre

44、ading quickly in Asia, had been discovered in Romania and perhaps Greece, European Union foreign ministers convened an emergency meeting. President George Bush, still smarting from a torrent of criticism of his governments clumsy response to Hurricane Katrina, has promised to rush out emergency plan

45、s for dealing with an outbreak of pandemic flu which have been stalled for years. Countries around the world are hurrying to stockpile the only current antiviral drug, Tamiflu, which might be effective in saving lives in any pandemic or curbing its spread. The World Health Organisation is calling fo

46、r an internationally co-ordinated effort. Health ministers from around the globe are due to meet next week in Canada to discuss what steps to take. Is any of this effort justified? Or are politicians simply helping to feed public panic, and then covering themselves by promising to spend lavishly aga

47、inst a threat which may never materialize and to reduce a risk which they do not understand? To ask these questions is not to counsel complacency, but to apply the kind of test which is required in any kind of disaster planning, not least because the world is an inherently dangerous place and it is

48、impossible to plan against every possible disaster. With the media full of warnings of impending mass death, an overreaction is all too possible.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_. A strong resentment resulted from the lack of preparations to cope with recent disasters B

49、 the dominant mood of the moment resulted in the appalling scenes of devastation C tens of millions of people could carry the virus on the horizon D reminder of the eternal rhythms of nature emerged at sunset to avoid these disasters（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, American emergency plans for coping with an