【考研类试卷】全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题2015年及答案解析.doc

1、全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题 2015 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：20.00)We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers. Though not biologically related, friends are as “related“ as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study publ

2、ishedfrom the University of California and Yale University in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 . The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5. While 1% may

3、 seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.“ The team 9 developed a “friendship score“ which can p

4、redict who will be your friend based on their genes. The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10, as the team suggests, it draws us 11similar environments but th

5、ere is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional kinship“ of being friends with 14 ! One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could

6、 help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor. The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18to befriend those of similar et 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European e

7、xtraction, care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.（分数：20.00）A.whatB.whyC.howD.whenA.defendedB.concludedC.withdrawnD.advisedA.forB.withC.byD.onA.separatedB.soughtC.comparedD.conn

8、ectedA.testsB.objectsC.samplesD.examplesA.insignificantB.unexpectedC.unreliableD.incredibleA.visitB.missC.knowD.seekA.surpassB.influenceC.favorD.resembleA.againB.alsoC.insteadD.thusA.MeanwhileB.FurthermoreC.LikewiseD.PerhapsA.aboutB.toC.fromD.likeA.driveB.observeC.confuseD.limitA.according toB.rathe

9、r thanC.regardless ofD.along withA.chancesB.responsesC.benefitsD.missionsA.fasterB.slowerC.laterD.earlierA.forecastB.rememberC.understandD.expressA.unpredictableB.contributoryC.controllableD.disruptiveA.tendencyB.decisionC.arrangementD.endeavorA.politicalB.religiousC.ethnicD.economicA.seeB.showC.pro

10、veD.tell二、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：20.00)Text1 King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited” kings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So does the Spanish

11、crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andmajestic lifestyles? The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was f

12、ollowing the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” mere”politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity. Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested reg

13、ion in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure. Even so, kings and qu

14、eens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the inc

15、reasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses

16、or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image. While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have m

17、ost to fear from the Spanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to un

18、derstand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the first two paragra

19、phs, King Juan Carlos of Spain （分数：1.00）A.used to enjoy high public supportB.was unpopular among European royalsC.eased his relationship with his rivalsD.ended his reign in embarrassment(2).Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly （分数：1.00）A.owing to their undoubted and respectable statu

20、sB.to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC.to give voters more public figures to look up toD.due to their everlasting political embodiment(3).Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4? （分数：1.00）A.Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealthB.The role of th

21、e nobility in modern democraciesC.The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic familiesD.The nobilitys adherence to their privileges(4).The British royals ”have most of fear” because Charles （分数：1.00）A.takes a tough line on political issuesB.fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC.takes republicans as

22、 his potential alliesD.fails to adapt himself to his future role(5).Which of the following is the best title of the text? （分数：1.00）A.Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedB.Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC.Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsD.Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threat

23、s.Text2 JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question. On Tuesday,it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. Cali

24、fornia has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted, the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implicatio

25、ns of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discardin

26、g Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to, say, rifling through a suspects purse. The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee with

27、out a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, means that police officer

28、s could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents

29、to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches. As so often is the case, stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. Th

30、ey could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for pol

31、ice to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway. But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Posts Volokh Conspiracy,compare

32、sthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment

33、applies to digital information now.（分数：5.00）(1).The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to （分数：1.00）A.search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.B.check suspects phone contents without being authorized.C.prevent suspects from deleting their phone content

34、s.D.prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.(2).The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of （分数：1.00）A.tolerance.B.indifference.C.disapproval.D.cautiousness.(3).The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comparable to （分数：1.00）A.getting into ones residence.B.han

35、ding ones historical records.C.scanning ones correspondences.D.going through ones wallet.(4).In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that （分数：1.00）A.principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B.the court is giving police less room for action.C.phones are used to store sensitive informati

36、on.D.citizens privacy is not effective protected.(5).Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that （分数：1.00）A.the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.B.New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.C.Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.D.Principles

37、of the Constitution should never be altered.Text3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data

38、 analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statisti

39、cs board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts. Asked whether

40、any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish

41、 Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to hav

42、e a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”（分数：5.00）(1).It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that _ （分数：1.00）A.Science intends to simplify it

43、s peer-review process.B.journals are strengthening their statistical checks.C.few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.D.lack of data analysis is common in research projects.(2).The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to _ （分数：1.00）A.foundB.revisedC.markedD.stored(3).G

44、iovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may _ （分数：1.00）A.pose a threat to all its peersB.meet with strong oppositionC.increase Sciences circulation.D.set an example for other journals(4).David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now _ （分数：1.00）A.adds to researchers workload

45、B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.(5).Which of the following is the best title of the text? （分数：1.00）A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysis Finds I

46、ts Way onto Editors DesksD.Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText4 Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sort

47、ing mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “its us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”. Driving her point home, she continued: “Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business cou

48、ld become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking. As the hacking trial conclud

49、esfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same chargethe wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This saga still unfolds. In many respects, the deart