【考研类试卷】全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题2008年及答案解析.doc

1、全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题 2008 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran isU (1) /Uto say it anyway. He is thatU (2) /Ubird, a scientist who

2、works independentlyU (3) /Uany institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases notU (4) /Uthought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.U (5) /Uhe, however, might tremble at theU (6) /Uof what he is about to do. T

3、ogether with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not onlyU (7) /Uthat one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group inU (8) /Uare a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural

4、 selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,U (9) /U12-15 points above theU (10) /Uvalue of 100, and have contributedU (11) /Uto the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as theU (12) /Uof their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,U (13) /U. They also suffer more often t

5、han most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts,U (14) /U, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has beenU (15) /Uto social effects, such as a strong tradition ofU (16) /Ueducation. The latter was seen as a (an)U (17) /Uof genetic isolation. D

6、r. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimatelyU (18) /U. His argument is that the unusual history of these people hasU (19) /Uthem to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in thisU (20) /Ustate of affairs.（分数：10.00）A.selectedB.preparedC.obligedD.pleasedA.uniqueB.par

7、ticularC.specialD.rareA.ofB.withC.inD.againstA.subsequentlyB.presentlyC.previouslyD.latelyA.OnlyB.SoC.EvenD.HenceA.thoughtB.sightC.costD.riskA.advisesB.suggestsC.protestsD.objectsA.progressB.factC.needD.questionA.attainingB.scoringC.reachingD.calculatingA.normalB.commonC.meanD.totalA.unconsciouslyB.

8、disproportionatelyC.indefinitelyD.unaccountablyA.missionsB.fortunesC.interestsD.careersA.affirmB.witnessC.observeD.approveA.moreoverB.thereforeC.howeverD.meanwhileA.given upB.got overC.carried onD.put downA.assessingB.supervisingC.administeringD.valuingA.developmentB.originC.consequenceD.instrumentA

9、linkedB.integratedC.wovenD.combinedA.limited.B.subjectedC.convertedD.directedA.paradoxicalB.incompatibleC.inevitableD.continuous二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBText 1/BWhile still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable c

10、ategory. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,“ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect

11、 the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of

12、the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities“ for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,“ says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,“

13、 she observes,“ its just .that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.“Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men

14、 go to war and are ex- posed to combat stress. Men are exposed lo more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The we

15、ar-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.“Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, an

16、d get ahead and do better.“ Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.“Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses A

17、lvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following i

18、s true according to the first two paragraphs?（分数：2.00）A.Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B.Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C.Woman are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D.Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.(2).Dr. Yehuda

19、s research suggests that women（分数：2.00）A.need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.B.have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C.are more capable of avoiding stress.D.are exposed to more stress.(3).According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be（分数：2.00）A.domestic and temporar

20、y.B.irregular and violent.C.durable and frequent.D.trivial and random.(4).The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.“ (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that（分数：2.00）A.Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B.Alvarez s salary barely covered her household expenses.C.Alvarez got paychecks from differ

21、ent jobs.D.Alvarez paid practically everything by check.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B.Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC.Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD.Gender Inequality: Women Under StressBText 2/BIt used to be s

22、o straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the edi

23、tor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internetand pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are

24、making money from government-funded research by restricting access to itis making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victo

25、ria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the pu

26、blic investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $ 7 billion and $ 11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that t

27、here are more than 2 000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16 000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; th

28、ree main ones were identified by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically sup- ported by asking the author (or his employ

29、er) to pay for the paper to be published: Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where. journals allow only su

30、bscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer- review process, at least for the publication of papers.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author discusses（分数：2.00）A.

31、the background information of journal editing.B.the publication routine of laboratory reports.C.the relations of authors with journal publishers.D.the traditional process of journal publication.(2).Which of the following is true of the OECD report?（分数：2.00）A.It criticizes government-funded research.

32、B.It introduces an effective means of publication.C.It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D.It benefits scientific research considerably.(3).According to the text, online publication is significant in that（分数：2.00）A.it provides an easier access to scientific results.B.it brings huge profits to

33、scientific researchers.C.it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D.it facilitates public investment in scientific research.(4).With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to（分数：2.00）A.cover the cost of its publication.B.subscribe to the journal publishing

34、it.C.allow other online journals to use it freely.D.complete the peer-review before submission.(5).Which of the following best summarizes the text?（分数：2.00）A.The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B.A new mode of publication is emerging.C.Authors welcome the pew channel for publication.D.Publ

35、ication is rendered easier by online service.BText 3/BIn the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major profession

36、al sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically a

37、bout two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today s peopleespecially those born to families who have lived in the U. S. for many generations-apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they arent likely to get any taller. “In the general population to- day, at this genetic, environment

38、al level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,“ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their in- crease in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rar

39、ely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrientsnotably, proteinto feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by a

40、bout an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height59“ for men, 54“ for womenhasnt really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.

41、During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and can- not easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are

42、 some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,“ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but dont expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,

43、 Mass. , ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gor

44、don says that by and large, “you could use todays data and feel fairly confident.“（分数：10.00）(1).Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to（分数：2.00）A.illustrate the change of height of NBA players.B.show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.C.compare different generations of NBA players.D.assess

45、the achievements of famous NBA players.(2).Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Genetic modification.B.Natural environment.C.Living standards.D.Daily exercise.(3).On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?（分数：2.00）A.N

46、on-Americans add to the average height of the nation.B.Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.C.Americans are the tallest on average in the world.D.Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.(4).We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future（分数：2.00）A.the garment industry

47、 will reconsider the uniform size.B.the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.C.genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.D.the existing data of human height will still be applicable.(5).The text intends to tell us that（分数：2.00）A.the change of human height follows a cyclic

48、pattern.B.human height is becoming even more predictable.C.Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.D.the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.BText 4/BIn 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist

49、 to transplant nine teeth into his jawhaving extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.Thats a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by