【考研类试卷】在职艺术硕士（MFA）全国联考英文阅读理解-试卷2及答案解析.doc

1、在职艺术硕士（MFA）全国联考英文阅读理解-试卷 2 及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、英文阅读理解题(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, howev

2、er, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample o

3、f executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organi

4、zations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict. Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and us

5、ually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The e

6、xecutives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators. In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Griven the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse consti

7、tuents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions. (253 words)（分数：10.00）(1).In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is_.（分数：2.00）A.wrongB.oversimplifiedC.misleadingD.unclear(2).Professor Charles R. Schwenk“s research shows_.（分数：2.00）A.the a

8、dvantages and disadvantages of conflictB.the real value of conflictC.the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflictD.the complexity of defining the roles of conflict(3).We can learn from Schwenk“s research that_.（分数：2.00）A.a person“s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his

9、organizationB.conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizationsC.different people resolve conflicts in different waysD.it is impossible for people to avoid conflict(4).The passage suggests that in for-profit organizations_.（分数：2.00）A.there is no end of conflictB.expression of different

10、opinions is encouragedC.decisions must be justifiableD.success lies in general agreement(5).People working in a not-for-profit organization_.（分数：2.00）A.seem to be difficult to satisfyB.are free to express diverse opinionsC.are less effective in making decisionsD.find it easier to reach agreementTo u

11、nderstand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship“ to move as much of these goods as possib

12、le. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy th

13、em. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purc

14、hase. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent (慈善的) or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transactionthe firm and the customerand each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and prod

15、ucers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a signi

16、ficant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled! (269 words)（分数：10.00）(1).The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, _.（分数：2.00）A.the practice of turning goods into moneyB.making g

17、oods available for purchaseC.the customer-centered approachD.a form of persuasive salesmanship(2).What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted?（分数：2.00）A.The needs of the market.B.The efficiency of production.C.The satisfaction of the user.D.The prefer

18、ences of the dealer.(3).According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible“ (Line 4, Para. 1) means “_“.（分数：2.00）A.to sell the largest possible amount of goodsB.to transport goods as efficiently as possibleC.to dispose of these goods in large quantitiesD.to redesign these goods fo

19、r large-scale production(4).What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?（分数：2.00）A.Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.B.It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.C.Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.D.

20、Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.(5).In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on_.（分数：2.00）A.its main characteristicB.its social impactC.its possible consequenceD.its theoretical basisAttention to detail is something everyone can and should doespecially in a

21、 tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. “It“s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves. “ he says. “Resume (简历) arrive with stains. Some candidates don“t bother to spell the company“s name correctly.

22、Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate,“ Crossley concludes. “If they cannot take of these details, why should we trust them with a job?“ Can we pay too much attention to detail? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To kee

23、p from losing the forest for the trees,“ says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco. “We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we“re working on fit into the larger picture. If they don“t, we should drop them and move to something else.“ Garfield

24、 compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time. “ says Garfield, “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessa

25、ry. “ Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake. Too often we believe what accounts for others“ success is some special secret or a lucky break (机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp w

26、ell, large rewards follow. (271 words)（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected_.（分数：2.00）A.because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resumeB.because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a

27、resumeC.because they failed to give detailed description of their background in their applicationsD.because they eliminated their names from the applicants“ list themselves(2).The word “perfectionists“ (Line l, Para. 3) refers to those who_.（分数：2.00）A.demand others to get everything absolutely right

28、B.know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstancesC.pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectivesD.are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do(3).Which of the following is the author“s advice to the reader?（分数：2.00）A.Although too much attention t

29、o details may be costly, they should not be overlooked.B.Don“t forget details when drawing pictures.C.Be aware of the importance of a task before undertaking it.D.Careless applicants are not to be trusted.(4).The example of the Apollo II moon launch is given to illustrate that_.（分数：2.00）A.minor mist

30、akes can be ignored in achieving major objectivesB.failure is the mother of successC.adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any workD.keeping one“s goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked(5).The best title for this passage would be_.（分数：2.00）A.Don“t Be a Perfe

31、ctionistB.Importance of AdjustmentsC.Details and Major ObjectivesD.Hard Work Plus Good LuckThe Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be “all things to all people“. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global

32、vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of op

33、tions and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, “the nation“s colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students. “ The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the underg

34、raduate college is one of shaping an “integrated core“ of common learning. Such a core would introduce students “to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. “ Although the key to a good college is a high-qualit

35、y faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: “Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most. “ Not surprisingly, over the last t

36、wenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculty say their

37、 interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that “There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications. “ (320 words)（分数：10.00）(1).When a college tr

38、ies to be “all things to all people“ (Lines 12, Para. 1) it aims to_.（分数：2.00）A.satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB.focus on training students in various skillsC.encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD.make learning serve academic rather than productive ends(2)

39、.By saying that “in too many academic: fields, the work has no context“ (Line 5, Para. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas_.（分数：2.00）A.ignores the actual situationB.is not based on the right perspectiveC.only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD.gives priority to the cu

40、ltivation of a global vision among students(3).One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that_.（分数：2.00）A.a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB.students don“t have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learnC.skills are being taugh

41、t as a means to an endD.students are only interested in obtaining credentials(4).American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates because_.（分数：2.00）A.most of them lack high-quality facultiesB.the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC.there

42、are not enough incentives for students to study hardD.they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching(5).It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for（分数：2.00）A.putting academic work in the proper contextB.a commitment to students and e

43、ffective teachingC.the practice of putting learning to productive endsD.dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge在职艺术硕士（MFA）全国联考英文阅读理解-试卷 2 答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、英文阅读理解题(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apa

44、thy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conf

45、lict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions abo

46、ut conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of confl

47、ict. Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the exec

48、utives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators. In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the pe

49、rspective of satisfying constituents. Griven the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions. (253 words)（分数：10.00）(1).In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is_.（分数：2.00）A.wrongB.oversimplified C.misleadingD.unclear解析：(2).Professor Charles R. Schwenk“s research shows_.（分数：2.00）A.the advantages and disadvantages of conflictB.the real value of conflictC.the diff