【考研类试卷】英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11及答案解析.doc

1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 11 及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.duality（四川大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_2.displacement（南开大学 2010 研；清华 2001 研)（分数：2.00）_3.performative function（武汉大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_4.parole（北师大 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_5.descriptive study of linguistics(四川大学 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_6.Glottal Stop（四川大

2、学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_7.Voiceless（西安交大 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_8.Minimal pairs（北航 2008 研；北二外 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_9.Phoneme（人大 2006 研；上海交大 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_10.Free variation(武汉大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_11.Assimilation（武汉大学 2008 研；上海交大 2005 研)（分数：2.00）_12.Suprasegmental features（中山大学 2005 研；南开大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_13.Syll

3、able(四川大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_14.Complementary distribution（分数：2.00）_15.morpheme（四川大学 2006 研；武汉大学 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_16.inflectional morpheme(南开大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_17.free morphemes（西安交大 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_18.bound morpheme（上海交大 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_19.bound root（四川大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_20.functional morpheme（上海

4、交大 2005 研)（分数：2.00）_21.inflection（四川大学 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_22.allomorph(四川大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_23.blending（四川大学 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_24.Immediate constituent（武汉大学 2008 研；武汉大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_25.IC analysis（人大 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 11 答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.duality（四川

5、大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Duality refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated there are two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units(such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower leve

6、l, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. For example, a syllable is the smallest unit that is normally spoken by itself, and scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words that are c

7、alled morphemes.)解析：2.displacement（南开大学 2010 研；清华 2001 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables la

8、nguage users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, scientists can predict the “future“ of certain planets that are several billions of light years away from us.)解析：3.performative function（武汉大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The performative function of language is primarily to

9、 change the social status of persons and it can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl the host or the people

10、 present are likely to say sui sui ping an(every day be safe and happy)as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.)解析：4.parole（北师大 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It varies enormously according to indiv

11、iduals. The speeches, the idiosyncratic utterances made by individuals are all examples of parole.)解析：5.descriptive study of linguistics(四川大学 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：To say that linguistics is a descriptive study is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the roles to which the mem

12、bers of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.)解析：6.Glottal Stop（四川大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Glottal Stop: Vocal tract is composed of oral cavity, nasal cavity and pha

13、rynx. When the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop.)解析：7.Voiceless（西安交大 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless. For example, Co

14、nsonants(p, s, t)are produced this way, so they are voiceless consonants. “Voiceless“ is defined in contrast with “voiced“. Consonants(b, z, d)are voiced consonants.)解析：8.Minimal pairs（北航 2008 研；北二外 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Minimal Pair are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one

15、sound. For example, the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.)解析：9.Phoneme（人大 2006 研；上海交大 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic featu

16、res which can distinguish meaning. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.)解析：10.Free variation(武汉大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：When two or more sounds occur in the same position without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, the final co

17、nsant of cup may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. In this case, it is the same word pronounced in two different ways :(k h p h )and(k h p )解析：11.Assimilation（武汉大学 2008 研；上海交大 2005 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The way that sounds belonging to one word o

18、r one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation. For example, in “mink“ , “n“ , which is originally pronounced as /n/, will be velarized by the following “k“/k/, and therefore the word will be pronounced as /mi?k/)解析：12.Suprasegmental fea

19、tures（中山大学 2005 研；南开大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features are stress, tone and intonation.)解析：13.Syllable(四川大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Syllable: These units, which are

20、 often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. For example, the English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful.)解析：14.Complementary distribution（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary d

21、istribution. For example, the aspirated English stops never occur after(s), and the unaspirated ones never occur initially. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. The allophones of/p/, for instance, are also in complementary distribution. The unaspirated(p =)occurs

22、 after /s/, while the aspirated(p h )occurs in all other environments except after /s/.)解析：15.morpheme（四川大学 2006 研；武汉大学 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content , a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller u

23、nits without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example, in boys, there are two morphemes: “boy“ and “-s“; in international, there are three morphemes; “inter-“ “nation“ and “-al“.)解析：16.inflectional morpheme(南开大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Inf

24、lectional morpheme; It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words Inflectional affixes and only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind.)解析：17.free morphemes（西安交大 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Free morph

25、eme is an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word. They may occur alone, that is, they may make up words by themselves. For example, “ dog“ , “ nation“ and “close“ are free morphemes. And such words are called mono-morphemic words. Thus all mono-morphemic words are free morphe

26、mes.)解析：18.bound morpheme（上海交大 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example, in the word “careless“ , “-less“ is a bound morpheme since it could not occur by itself as a word.)解析：19.bound roo

27、t（四川大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Bound root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity, and this base form could not occur alone, such as “-ceive“ in “receive“.)解析：20.functional morpheme（上海交大 2005 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：This is a subtype of fre

28、e morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “ and, about, when on, near, the“ an so on.)解析：21.inflection（四川大学 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationshi

29、p through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix; “-ed“ ; the plur

30、al form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix; “-ren“)解析：22.allomorph(四川大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Allomorph; A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, t

31、he morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in “cats“ /s/, in “bags“ /z/, in “matches“ /iz/.)解析：23.blending（四川大学 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial

32、part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only join the initial parts of the two words. For example, telephone + exchangetelex; transfer+resister transistor.)解析：24.Immediate constituent（武汉大学 2008 研；武汉大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Immediate constituent. An immediate constit

33、uent is the constituent immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. For example, in the sentence “Poor John ran away“ , the constituents “Poor John“ and “ran away“ are regarded as the immediate constituents of the sentence.)解析：25.IC analysis（人大 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：IC analysis.

34、IC analysis(immediate constituent analysis)refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituentsword groups(or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.)解析：