【考研类试卷】英语翻译基础（英汉互译）-试卷27及答案解析.doc

1、英语翻译基础（英汉互译）-试卷 27 及答案解析(总分：12.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.英译汉（分数：2.00）_2.Divorce: Balance of Power It makes no sense to say that a good marriage requires parity, as most marriages in the world and throughout history have been based on entirely different principles. You might even conclude

2、 from America“ s unusually high divorce rate that the expectation of equality and personal fulfillment is itself a more problematic prescription than that of honor and obedience. Or perhaps the problem lies not in equality, but in the ambivalence that inevitably surrounds atitanic cultural shift onl

3、y decades old. Many women today still sign up for marriages in which the man, to some extent, dominates. Traditionally those marriages have ended when the stronger party tires of the dependent. When Harriet Newman Cohen began practicing matrimonial law three decades ago, her clients were mostly wome

4、n whose breadwinners had walked out. But she and others have observed that today, it is as often the weaker party who calls it quits, tired of a role that is no longer culturally sanctioned. And, once equitable distribution lawswhich forced the higher-earning spouse to share the wealth equitablywere

5、 passed in the 80“ s, there was no longer any financial penalty for divorce. Today, almost as many women as men file for divorce. Infidelity, in addition, is no longer a primarily male province. One divorced investment banker discovered that, within his circle of male friends, it was their wives who

6、 cheated, not they. “ In the culture of my firm, having affairs is just bad behavior, like drunk drivingsomething that could harm your reputation,“ he says. Female infidelity, on the other hand, he says, reads differently. “ They“ re finding themselves, exploring their sexuality,“ he observed bitter

7、ly. “ She was fragile and neurotic and I was the white knight. I made her feel taken care of and she made me feel strongright up until the day she left. “（分数：2.00）_3.A Crime Wave Festers in Cyberspace The number of successful, and verifiable worldwide hacker incidents this month is likely to surpass

8、 20,000above the previous monthly record of 16,000 in October, as counted by mi2g, a London-based computer security firm. Others have also offered dire estimates, although the dollar amounts are difficult to verify or compare because the definitions of loss vary so broadly. Part of the challenge in

9、quantifying the problem is that businesses are often reluctant to report and publicly discuss electronic theft for fear of attracting other cyber attacks, or at the least, undermining the confidence of their customers, suppliers and investors or inviting the ridicule of their competitors. In one sur

10、vey of 500 computer security practitioners conducted last year by the FBI and the Computer Security Institute, a trade group, 80 percent of those surveyed acknowledged financial losses resulting from computer breaches. The computer professionals took part in this survey on the condition they and the

11、ir organizations would not be identified. Among the 223 respondents who quantified the damage , the average loss was $ 2 million. Those who had suffered losses of proprietary company information said each incident had cost an average of $ 6. 5 million, while financial fraud averaged $ 4. 6 million a

12、n incident.（分数：2.00）_4.Colleges and accrediting agencies dodged a bullet this summer as Congress, enacting legislation to renew the Higher Education Act, shielded higher education from the U. S. Education Department “ s efforts to step up federal regulation of how accreditors and colleges ensure tha

13、t students are learning. The legislation barred the Education Department from issuing regulations to affect accreditors“ standards on student learning outcome. But Lamar Alexander warned in June, college leaders shouldn“ t let themselves think that the shooting has stopped. Congress will next renew

14、the Higher Education Act in five years, David Geary told a group of college and accrediting officials this summer, and in “the absence of good answers “ between now and then about how higher education can prove its effectiveness, increased federal intervention is sure to follow. To try to start that

15、 conversation quickly, the Council for Higher Education Accreditation on Monday held the first of what will be a series of national forums about the future of higher education self-regulation. Numerous critics from outside higher education have expressed doubt that the higher education industry, thr

16、ough the peer-review-based system of accreditation, can effectively regulate its own quality and effectiveness, given that accrediting agencies are governed by the institutions being scrutinized. But Monday“ s discussion was designed, CHEA officials said, not to beat that drum but to brainstorm abou

17、t what higher education officials must do to ensure that self-regulation survives. “ We need to marshal ammunition we could use to defend the system of self-regulation,“ said A. Lee Fritschler, a professor of public policy at George Mason University and former college president and U. S. assistant s

18、ecretary for postsecondary education. “ I feel like I am singing to the choir in this room,“ Molly C. Broad, president of the American Council on Education, said at the start of remarks in which she, like virtually all the speakers, made clear a preference to limit further federal incursion into hig

19、her education quality control.（分数：2.00）_5.The French share Americans“ distaste for restrictions on patient choice and they insist on autonomous private practitioners rather than a British-style national health service, which the French dismiss as “ socialized medicine. “ Virtually all physicians in

20、French participate in the nation“ s public health insurance, Security sociale. Their freedoms of diagnosis and therapy are protected in ways that would make their managed-care-controlled US counterparts envious. However, the average American physician earns more than five times the average US wage w

21、hile the average French physician makes only about two times the average earnings of his or her compatriots. But the lower income of French physicians is allayed by two factors. Practice liability is greatly diminished by a tort-averse legal system, and medical schools, although extremely competitiv

22、e to enter, are tuition-free. Thus, French physicians enter their careers with little if any debt and pay much lower malpractice insurance premiums. Nor do France “ s doctors face the high nonmedical personnel payroll expenses that burden American physicians. Security sociale has created a standardi

23、zed and speedy system for physician billing and patient reimbursement using electronic funds. It“ s not uncommon to visit a French medical office and see no nonmedical personnel. What a concept. No back office army of billing specialists who do daily battle with insurers“ arcane and constantly chang

24、ing rules of payment. National health insurance in France stands upon two grand historical bargains-the first with doctors and a second with insurers. Doctors only agreed to participate in compulsory health insurance if the law protected a patient“ s choice of practitioner and guaranteed physicians“

25、 control over medical decision-making. French legislators also overcome insurance industry resistance by permitting the nation“ s already existing insurers to administer its new healthcare funds. Private health insurers are also central to the system as supplemental insurers who cover patient expens

26、es that are not paid for by Securite sociale. In fact, in France the sicker you are, the more coverage, care, and treatment you get. Like all healthcare systems, the French confront ongoing problems. Today French reformers“ number one priority is to move health insurance financing away from payroll

27、and wage levies because they hamper employers“ willingness to hire. Instead, France is turning toward broad taxes on earned and unearned income alike to pay for healthcare.（分数：2.00）_6.It“ s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove a

28、nd you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers“ misfortunes. Feel

29、ing threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might surprised! fall off. The label on a child“ s Batman cape cautions that the toy “d

30、oes not enable user to fly. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary the dangers of drug interactions, for example and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn“ t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About

31、50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts“ are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything. In May,

32、Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “ We“ re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,“ says Nimmons. The

33、 jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete“ s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institutea group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not

34、warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “ Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,“ says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the inform

35、ation on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.（分数：2.00）_英语翻译基础（英汉互译）-试卷 27 答案解析(总分：12.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.英译汉（分数：2.00）_解析：2.Divorce: Balance of Power It makes no sense to say that a good marriage requires par

36、ity, as most marriages in the world and throughout history have been based on entirely different principles. You might even conclude from America“ s unusually high divorce rate that the expectation of equality and personal fulfillment is itself a more problematic prescription than that of honor and

37、obedience. Or perhaps the problem lies not in equality, but in the ambivalence that inevitably surrounds atitanic cultural shift only decades old. Many women today still sign up for marriages in which the man, to some extent, dominates. Traditionally those marriages have ended when the stronger part

38、y tires of the dependent. When Harriet Newman Cohen began practicing matrimonial law three decades ago, her clients were mostly women whose breadwinners had walked out. But she and others have observed that today, it is as often the weaker party who calls it quits, tired of a role that is no longer

39、culturally sanctioned. And, once equitable distribution lawswhich forced the higher-earning spouse to share the wealth equitablywere passed in the 80“ s, there was no longer any financial penalty for divorce. Today, almost as many women as men file for divorce. Infidelity, in addition, is no longer

40、a primarily male province. One divorced investment banker discovered that, within his circle of male friends, it was their wives who cheated, not they. “ In the culture of my firm, having affairs is just bad behavior, like drunk drivingsomething that could harm your reputation,“ he says. Female infi

41、delity, on the other hand, he says, reads differently. “ They“ re finding themselves, exploring their sexuality,“ he observed bitterly. “ She was fragile and neurotic and I was the white knight. I made her feel taken care of and she made me feel strongright up until the day she left. “（分数：2.00）_正确答案

42、：(正确答案： 离婚：权力的均衡 由于古往今来世界上大多数人的婚姻是以完全不同的原则为基础的，所以，好的婚姻需要平等这种说法是没有什么意义的。从美国奇高的离婚率，也可以得出这样的结论：在婚姻中期待彼此尊重、夫妻和谐已经不大容易，指望获得两性平等、实现自我就更是难上加难。 或许问题并不在于平等不平等，而在于仅仅最近数十年来所发生的文化巨变，使人们不可避免地对婚姻产生矛盾的态度。在今天的许多婚姻中，男人仍在某种程度上占据主导地位，妇女不得不屈于遵从。从传统上看，这些婚姻总是在强势的一方对依附的一方产生厌烦情绪时宣告结束。哈莉特?纽曼?科恩三十年前开始从事婚姻方面的法律工作时，她的当事人大多是由于挣

43、钱养家的丈夫离开而被抛弃的妇女。而现在科恩和其他人都注意到，往往是弱势的一方，不甘于其不再被文化认可的角色而提出结束婚姻。而且，自从80 年代通过了财产公平分割法，迫使收入高的配偶与对方平分财产，离婚就再也不遭受任何经济上的损失了。 如今，提出离婚的人当中，女子和男子人数基本相当。而且，不忠行为也不再仅仅限于男人。一位离了婚的投资银行家发现，在他的男性朋友圈子里，不忠的是妻子，而不是他的这些朋友。他说：“在我们的公司文化中，有外遇和酒后驾车一样，都是不良行为，都会损坏你的名誉。”但是，女性不忠便有不同的解读。“她们是在发现自我，探索自己的性能力，”他苦涩地说道。“她比较脆弱，神经质，而我是白马

44、王子。我让她觉得受人照顾，她让我觉得自己很强壮直至她离开的那一天。”)解析：3.A Crime Wave Festers in Cyberspace The number of successful, and verifiable worldwide hacker incidents this month is likely to surpass 20,000above the previous monthly record of 16,000 in October, as counted by mi2g, a London-based computer security firm. Othe

45、rs have also offered dire estimates, although the dollar amounts are difficult to verify or compare because the definitions of loss vary so broadly. Part of the challenge in quantifying the problem is that businesses are often reluctant to report and publicly discuss electronic theft for fear of att

46、racting other cyber attacks, or at the least, undermining the confidence of their customers, suppliers and investors or inviting the ridicule of their competitors. In one survey of 500 computer security practitioners conducted last year by the FBI and the Computer Security Institute, a trade group,

47、80 percent of those surveyed acknowledged financial losses resulting from computer breaches. The computer professionals took part in this survey on the condition they and their organizations would not be identified. Among the 223 respondents who quantified the damage , the average loss was $ 2 million. Those who had suffered losses of proprietary company information said each incident had cost an average of $ 6. 5 million, while financial fraud averaged $ 4. 6 mil