【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-11及答案解析.doc

1、西医综合-外科学-11 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Optimism is the art of always seeing the glass half full (1) half empty, finding something positive in even the most (2) of situations and last but not least the ability to expect the best even if the chances are (3) . It ena

2、bles you to try new things, deal with failure as a learning experience (4) a stopping point. In general optimism gives you a reason to live. The world would be a better place if it was full of optimism, (5) unfortunately the trend in todays youth is (6) the opposite way. Today it is (7) to be pessim

3、istic. One could spend hours discussing how we arrived at this point, (8) our youth refuses to smell the roses and instead prefers to (9) themselves on their own pessimistic (10) .Optimism is not an (11) gift but rather a learned behavior (12) . Like most behaviors optimism is best learned by watchi

4、ng examples, (13) you. The first step in creating a generation of people with a positive outlook on life, is to (14) life on the bright side yourself. (15) it would be wrong to (16) your child from all negativity, it is important that you are not the (17) of doubts and worries. Finding something pos

5、itive in a negative situation needs to be (18) Show how to make the best of things by always (19) the positive, by encouraging your child after a(n) (20) and by explaining over and over that failure is just a part of progress.（分数：10.00）(1).A apart from B opposite to C contrary to D instead of（分数：0.5

6、0）A.B.C.D.(2).A dreadful B compulsory C alarming D sophisticated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A exotic B temporary C dim D few（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A via B versus C over D beyond（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A however B though C whereas D but（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A heading B preceding C choosing D traveling（分数：0.50）A.B

7、C.D.(7).A sensible B faulty C cool D appreciated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A how B when C where D as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A celebrate B choke C linger D repress（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A motives B faiths C values D outlooks（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A conventional B permanent C innate D inherited（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.

8、12).A pattern B format C capacity D mold（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A primarily B frequently C namely D normally（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A drill B implement C exercise D apply（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A As B Since C While D Unless（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A shelter B free C isolate D nurture（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A

9、origin B source C foundation D cause（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A accomplished B trained C experienced D practiced（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A focusing on B adhering to C turning to D pointing out（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A obstruction B impediment C disappointment D hindrance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(

10、总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Cabinet meetings outside London are rare and reluctant things. Harold Wilson held one in Brighton in 1966, but only because the Labour Party was already there for its annual conference. In 1921 David Lloyd George summoned the Liberals to I

11、nverness because he didnt want to cut short his holiday. Gordon Browns decision to hold his first cabinet meeting after the summer break in Birmingham, on September 8th, was born of a nobler desire to show the almost nine tenths of Britons who live outside London that they are not ignored. He will h

12、ave to do better: constitutionally, they are more sidelined now than ever. Many legislatures use their second chamber to strengthen the representation of sparsely populated areas (every American state, from Wyoming to California, gets two votes in the Senate, for example). Britains House of Lords, m

13、ost of whose members are appointed supposedly on merit, has the opposite bias. A survey by the New Local Government Network (NLGN), a think-tank, finds that London and two of its neighbouring regions are home to more peers than the rest of Britain combined; even Birmingham, the countrys second-large

14、st city, has just one. Oddly, this distortion is partly thanks to reforms that were supposed to make the Lords more representative. By throwing out most of the hereditary peers in 1999, Labour paved the way for a second chamber that was less posh, less white and less male than before. But in booting

15、 out the landed gentry, it also ditched many of those who came from the provinces. The Duke of Northumberland (270th in the Sunday Timess “ Rich List“) may not be a member of a downtrodden minority. But Alnwick Castle, his family pile, is in the North-east region, home to just 2% of the Lords member

16、s now. Geographically speaking, the duke and his fellow toffs were champions of diversity. The government now wants to reintroduce some geographical fairness, but minus dukes. Long-incubated plans to reform the Lords would see it converted during the next parliament into a body that is mainly or ent

17、irely elected. A white paper in July outlined various electoral systems, all based on regional or sub-regional constituencies. Some would like to see the seat of government prised out of the capital altogether, though in the past this has normally required a civil war or a plague. Southerners whispe

18、r that no one would show up if Parliament were based in a backwater such as Manchester. But many dont now. The NLGN found that peers resident in Northern Ireland vote least often. But next from the bottom are the London-dwellers, who show up for less than a third of the votes on their doorstep. Even

19、 the eight who live abroad are more assiduous. The north may seem an awfully long way away, but apparently so is Westminster. （分数：10.00）(1).Why will Gordon Brown hold his first cabinet in Birmingham? A Labour Party will have its annual conference there. B To tell citizens outside London that they ar

20、e not ignored. C He did not want to cut short his holidays. D Many British feel that they are more sidelined now than ever.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).In most countries, what is the purpose of establishing the second chamber of the legislature? A To compromise with those who have vested interests in existi

21、ng bodies and those who wish to have more rights and power in political life. B To be more representative, as House of Lords usually consists of citizens from urban area while House of Commons usually come from rural. C To help allocate those with high merit as a result of civil service special trea

22、tment. D To ensure to the most possible extent that citizens all across the country may enjoy the same right of claiming and being heard etc.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, which of the following is the reason of UK having such a population-basis distorted second chamber? A Seats in the

23、Lords are mainly elected. B Citizens outside London care little about politics. C Endeavours trying to change the situation went to the opposite. D Great London area possesses more political and economic resources.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What is governments measure in tackling such distortion? A Reform

24、 the Lords into a body that is mainly or entirely elected B Restrict the number of dukes in the Lords. C Allocate the number of MOP in the Lords more evenly in all the shires of UK. D Combine the two bodies of legislature into one.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What can we infer from the last paragraph? A Peo

25、ple still think that political focus is in London. B London now enjoys less political focus than before. C Citizens in Northern Ireland have the highest political enthusiasm. D Westminster will not be the place for cabinet meetings in the future.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)She knew how

26、to make an entrance. Her dark hair cut in a severe pageboy, Ayn Rand would sweep into a room with a long black cape, a dollar-sign pin on her lapel and an ever present cigarette in an ivory holder. Melodramatic, yes, but Rand didnt have time to be subtle. She had millions of people to convert to obj

27、ectivism, her philosophy of radical individualism, limited government and avoidance of altruism and religion. Her adoring followers-some called them a cult-revered her as the high priestess of laissez-faire capitalism until her death in 1982 at age 77. The bad economy has been good news for Rands le

28、gacy. Her fierce denunciations of government regulation have sent sales of her two best-known novels, The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, soaring. Yet her me-first brand of capitalism has been exccoriated (严厉批评) for fomenting (引发) the recent financial crisis. And her most famous former acolyte-onet

29、ime Fed chairman Alan Greenspan-has been blamed for inflating the housing bubble by refusing to intervene in the market. In the midst of the newly rekindled debate, two excellent biographies have just been published: Ayn Rand and the World She Made, by Anne C. Heller (Doubleday; 592 pages), is a com

30、prehensive study, in novelistic detail, of Rands personal life, and Goddess of the Market : Ayn Rand and the American Right, by Jenniter Burns (Oxford; 369 pages), leans more heavily on Rands theories and politics. From her earliest years, Rand was a woman on a mission. Born in 1905 to a bourgeois J

31、ewish family in St. Petersburg, Rand was 12 when the Bolshevik Revolution took place. Her family, suddenly poor, was forced to flee, and Rands hatred of communism and any sort of collectivism would guide her life. Arriving in the US in 1926 with a new name, Ayn (rhymes with fine) made her way to Hol

32、lywood, where she had modest success as a screenwriter and married an aspiring actor, Frank OConnor. Her politicization came when she and her husband worked on Republican Wendell Willkies losing presidential campaign in 1940. According to Burns, “Before Willkie she had been pro-capitalist yet pessim

33、istic, writing The capitalist world is low, unprincipled, and corrupt. Now she celebrated capitalism as the noblest, cleanest and most idealistic system of all. “ The Fountainhead, an epic novel chronicling the struggles of an architect named Howard Roark against conventional values, was her breakou

34、t work. In her race to get the sprawling 700-page book to press, she began taking the amphetamine Benzedrine (一种兴奋剂的名称) to fuel her efforts. “Rand used it to power her last months of work on the novel, including several 24-hour sessions correcting page proofs,“ writes Burns. The book brought Rand fi

35、nancial security and fame.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “Melodramatic“ (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means “_“. A Exaggerated B Melodic C Decent D Dramatical（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Ayn Rands standpoint does NOT include _. A radical individualism B laissez-faire capitalism C racial discrimination D avoid

36、ance of altruism and religion（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Why is the bad economy good news for Rands legacy? A Because it made her books sell well. B Because there was excoriation towards her books. C Because she was a modest successful writer. D Because her viewpoint triggered the recent financial crisis.（

37、分数：2.00）_(4).What do we learn about Ayn Rand? A She was born in a proletarian Jewish family. B She liked communism and any sort of colleetivism. C She and her husband had never worked for Republican. D Her original name wasnt Ayn.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The best title for the text is _. A Ayn Rands Sto

38、ry B Ayn Rands Books C Ayn Rand: Extremist or Visionary D Adoration of Ayn Rand（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It may turn out that the “digital divide“-one of the most fashionable political slogans of recent years-is largely fiction. As you will recall, the argument went well beyond the un

39、surprising notion that the rich would own more computers than the poor. The disturbing part of the theory was that society was dividing itself into groups of technology “haves“ and “have-nots“ and that this segregation would, in turn, worsen already large economic inequalities. It is this argument t

40、hat is either untrue or wildly exaggerated.We should always have been suspicious. After all, computers have spread quickly because they have become cheaper to buy and easier to use. Falling prices and skill requirements suggest that the digital divide would spontaneously shrink-and so it has.Now, a

41、new study further discredits the digital divide. The study, by economist David Card of the University of California, Berkeley, challenges the notion that computers have significantly worsened wage inequality. The logic of how this supposedly happens is straightforward: computers raise the demand for

42、 high-skilled workers, increasing their wages. Meanwhile, computerization-by automating many routine tasks-reduces the demand for low-skilled workers and, thereby, their wages. The gap between the two widens.Superficially, wage statistics support the theory. Consider the ratio between workers near t

43、he top of the wage distribution and those near the bottom. Computerization increased; so did the wage gap.But wait, point out Card and DiNardo. The trouble with blaming computers is that the worsening of inequality occurred primarily in the early 1980s. With computer use growing, the wage gap should

44、 have continued to expand, if it was being driven by a shifting demand for skills. Indeed, Card and DiNardo find much detailed evidence that contradicts the theory. They conclude that computerization does not explain “the rise in U.S. wage inequality in the last quarter of the 20th century.“The popu

45、lar perception of computers impact on wages is hugely overblown. Lots of other influences count for as much, or more. The worsening of wage inequality in the early 1980s, for example, almost certainly reflected the deep 1981-1982 recession and the fall of inflation. Companies found it harder to rais

46、e prices. To survive, they concluded that they had to hold down the wages of their least skilled, least mobile and youngest workers.The “digital divide“ suggested a simple solution (computers) for a complex problem (poverty). With more computer access, the poor could escape their lot. But computers

47、never were the source of anyones poverty and, as for escaping, what people do for themselves matters more than what technology can do for them.（分数：10.00）(1).It is generally believed that the digital divide is somethingA that is responsible for economic inequalities.B deemed to be positive in poverty

48、relief.C that results from falling computer prices.D getting worse because of the Internet.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the author, the notion that computers are to blame for the wage gap isA quite insightful.B very contradictory.C rather shallow.D fairly illuminating.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The authors attitude toward the opinion held by Card and DiNardo is one ofA reserved consent.B strong disapproval.C slight contempt.D enthusiastic support.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author seems