【考研类试卷】西医综合-生理学-4及答案解析.doc

1、西医综合-生理学-4 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When a disease of epidemic proportions threatens the public, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of affliction and find ways to combat. Vaccination is one of the effective ways to protect the (1) po

2、pulation of a region or country which may be (2) grave risk. The process of vaccination allows the patients body to (3) immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it (4) naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead (5) of the disease is actually injected int

3、o the patient in a controlled environment, (6) his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader (7) . Information (8) how to penetrate the diseases defenses is (9) to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell

4、 to cell. This makes sure that (10) the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to (11) with it, having already done so before.There are, however, dangers (12) in the process. (13) , even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccin

5、e proves (14) much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system (15) , and, therefore, the patients death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, (16) to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly (17) the whole Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. (18) 1

6、in 10,000 people who receive the vaccine (19) the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Consequently, the process, which is truly a (20) , may indeed hide some hidden curses.（分数：10.00）(1).A entire B total C complete D complex（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A in B at C under D beyond（分数：0.5

7、0）A.B.C.D.(3).A eliminate B identify C develop D deliver（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A up B against C with D off（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A strain B spell C series D fit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A only if B so that C in case D seeing that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A radically B directly C properly D presumably（分数：0.50）A.B.

8、C.D.(8).A for B of C to D on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A transmitted B transferred C transported D transformed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A would B should C if only D even if（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A handle B familiarize C deal D tackle（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A available B plausible C accessible D inherent（分数：0.50）

9、A.B.C.D.(13).A On occasion B By contrast C In addition D On the contrary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A so B too C rather D quite（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A hurting B hindering C deteriorating D endangering（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A invented B discovered C investigated D designed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A wiped out B

10、 ruled out C break down D died out（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A Fortunately B Approximately C Naturally D Specifically（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A infects B affects C effects D contracts（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A luck B triumph C blessing D promise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0

11、，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The United States experienced some of the most extreme weather events in its history this spring, including deadly outbreaks of tornadoes, near-record flooding, drought and wildfires. Damages from these disasters have already passed $ 32 billion, and the hurricane se

12、ason, which is just beginning, is projected to be above average, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Government scientists said Wednesday that the frequency of extreme weather has increased over the past two decades, in part as a result of global warming caused by the ac

13、cumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. But they were careful not to blame humans for this years rash of deadly events, saying that in some ways weather patterns were returning to those seen at the beginning of the last century. “Looking at long-term patterns since 1980, indeed, extreme clim

14、atological and meteorological events have increased,“ said Thomas R. Karl, director of NOAAs National Climatic Data Center. “But in the early part of the 20th century, there was also a tendency for more extreme events followed by a quiet couple of decades. “Presenting a new NOAA report on 2011 extre

15、me weather, Dr. Karl said that extremes of precipitation have increased as the planet warms and more water evaporates from the oceans. He also said models suggest that as carbon dioxide builds up in the atmosphere and heats the planet, droughts will increase in frequency and intensity. “But it is di

16、fficult and unlikely to discern a human fingerprint, if there is one, on the drought record of the United States,“ he said.Some other climate scientists were more categorical about the human contribution to extreme climate events. Kevin Trenberth, distinguished senior scientist at the National Cente

17、r for Atmospheric Research, said that when the greenhouse effect caused by burning fossil fuels is added to the natural variability of climate, weather disasters can be expected to occur more frequently. “Global warming is contributing to an increased incidence of extreme weather because the environ

18、ment in which all storms form has changed from human activities,“ Dr. Trenberth said in a telephone interview Wednesday. “Records are not just broken, they are smashed. It is as clear a warning as we are going to get about prospects for the future. “April was a particularly devastating month for tor

19、nadoes and rainfall, with 875 tornadoes reported during the month and heavy rain and snowmelt contributing to Mississippi River flooding later in the spring that surpassed the historic floods of 1927 and 1937. So far this year, there have been nearly 1,400 preliminary tornado reports nationwide; tho

20、se reports will most likely be whittled down to about 900 confirmed tornadoes, the second-highest annual total recorded in modern times. The record is 1,011 confirmed tornadoes in 2008. The year also is on track to be one of the deadliest, with 536 fatalities so far from tornadoes, placing 2011 in s

21、ixth place in United States history and the deadliest since 1936.（分数：10.00）(1).While scientists see more deadly weather, theyA have dispute over the causes.B dont think the situation is deteriorating.C admit that it is not the worst in history.D assess the damages as being below average.（分数：2.00）A.B

22、.C.D.(2).According to Dr. Karl, extreme weather is mainly attributable toA arbitrary human activities.B changing weather patterns.C an increase in climatological events.D human failure to control the weather.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following would blame human activities for the increase in

23、 extreme weather?A Thomas R. Karl.B Kevin Trenberth.C The NOAA.D Government scientists.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Those who blame human activities attribute heightened extreme weather toA the natural climatological and meteorological variability.B the increased frequency and intensity of storms and drough

24、ts.C the higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.D the global warming caused by evaporation from the ocean.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The number of tornadoes mentioned in the last paragraph indicates thatA the tornadoes have been the number one killers in United States since 1927.B 2011 will see

25、 the greatest number of tornadoes in the history of the United States.C flooding has caused the greatest number of casualties in recent years.D the frequency of extreme weather has dramatically increased in recent years.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If you smoke, youd better hurry. From J

26、uly 1st pubs all over England will, by law, be no-smoking areas. So will restaurants, offices and even company cars, if more than one per-son uses them. Englands smokers are following a well-trodden path. The other three bits of the United Kingdom have already banned smoking in almost all enclosed p

27、ublic spaces, and there are anti-smoking laws of varying strictness over most of Western Europe. The smoker s journey from glamour through toleration to suspicion is finally reaching its end in pariah status.But behind this public-health success story lies a darker tale. Poorer people are much more

28、likely to smoke than richer onesa change from the 1950s, when professionals and la-borers were equally keen. Today only 15% of men in the highest professional classes smoke, but 42% of unskilled workers do. Despite punitive taxation20 cigarettes cost around 5.00 ($10.00), three-quarters of which is

29、tax55% of single mothers on benefits smoke. The figure for homeless men is even higher; for hard-drug users it is practically 100% . The message that smoking kills has been heard, it seems, but not by all.Having defeated the big killers of the pastwant, exposure, poor sanitationgovernments all over

30、the developed world are turning their attention to diseases that stem mostly from how individuals choose to live their lives. But the same deafness afflicts the same people when they are strongly encouraged to give up other sorts of unhealthy behavior. The lower down they are on practically any peck

31、ing orderjob prestige, income, education, background-the more likely people are to be fat and unfit, and to drink too much.That tempts governments to shout ever louder in an attempt to get the public to listen and nowhere do they do so more aggressively than in Britain. One reason is that pecking or

32、ders matter more than in most other rich countries: income distribution is very unequal and the unemployed, disaffected, ill-educated rump is comparatively large. Another reason is the frustration of a government addicted to targets, which often aim not only to improve some-thing but to lessen inequ

33、ality in the process. A third is that the National Health Service is free to patients, and paying for those who have arguably brought their ill-health on themselves grows alarmingly costly.Britain s aggressiveness, however, may be pointless, even counter-productive. There is no reason to believe tha

34、t those who ignore measured voices will listen to shouting. It irritates the majority who are already behaving responsibly, and it may also undermine all government pronouncements on health by convincing people that they have an ultra-cautious margin of error built in.Such hectoring may also be miss

35、ing the root cause of the problem. According to Mr. Marmot, who cites research on groups as diverse as baboons in captivity, British civil servants and Oscar nominees, the higher rates of ill health among those in more modest walks of life can be attributed to what he calls the “status syndrome“. Pe

36、ople in privileged positions think they are worth the effort of behaving healthily, and find the will-power to do so. The implication is that it is easier to improve a persons health by weakening the connection between social position and health than by targeting behavior directly. Some public-healt

37、h experts speak of social cohesion, support for families and better education for all. These are bigger undertakings than a bossy campaign; but more effective, and quieter.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “pariah“ (line 5, paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA prohibition. B strictness. C pardon. D punishmen

38、t.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author seems to be suspicious of the public-health success becauseA the message that smoking kills isnt voiced loudly enough.B unskilled workers are more willing to pay for the heavy tax in cigarettes.C single mothers are more likely to use their benefits to buy cigarettes

39、.D the positive effects are yielded mostly on the richer population.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, why does the same deafness afflict the same people?A Because governments all turned their attention to these people.B Because these people are more likely to have unhealthy behaviors.C Bec

40、ause these people suffer more from their poor income and education.D Because governments always neglect the real needs of these people.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is NOT a reason for Britains aggressiveness in the public-health campaign?A The government is frustrated in curing smokin

41、g-related diseases.B The government is keen on eliminating social unfairness.C The free health service proves very expensive.D The gap between the rich and the poor is very big.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author seems to believe that status syndrome may be curedA if the measures can actually weaken the

42、 relationship between social position and health.B if the government shouts louder in their campaign against diseases resulting from unhealthy habits.C if the government helps people find a stronger will power to give up their unhealthy habits.D if the government undertakes bigger and more effective

43、 ad campaigns against poor education.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The richest man in America stepped to the podium and declared war on the nations school systems. High schools had become “obsolete“ and were “limitingeven ruiningthe lives of millions of Americans every year. “ The situati

44、on had become “almost shameful. “ Bill Gates, prep-school grad and college dropout, had come before the National Governors Association seeking converts to his plan to do something about ita plan he would back with $ 2 billion of his own cash.Gatess speech, in February 2005, was a signature moment in

45、 what has become a decade-long campaign to improve test scores and graduation rates, waged by a loose alliance of wealthy CEOs who arrived with no particular background in education policya fact that has led critics to dismiss them as “the billionaire boys club. “ Their bets on poor urban schools ha

46、ve been as big as their egos and their bank accounts.Has this big money made the big impact that theyas well as teachers, administrators, parents, and studentshoped for? The results, though mixed, are dispiriting proof that money alone cant repair the desperate state of urban education. For all the

47、millions spent on reforms, nine of the 10 school districts studied substantially trailed their states proficiency and graduation ratesoften by 10 points or more. Thats not to say that the urban districts didnt make gains.The good news is many did improve and at a rate faster than their states 60 per

48、cent of the timeproof that the billionaires made some solid bets. But those spikes up werent enough to erase the deep gulf between poor, inner-city schools, where the big givers focused, and their suburban and rural counterparts. “A lot of things we do dont work out,“ admitted Broad, a product of De

49、troit public schools and Michigan State who made a fortune in home building and financial services: “But we can take the criticism. “The confidence that marked Gatess landmark speech to the governors association in 2005 has given way to humility. The billionaires have not retreated. But they have retooled, and l