GRE11及答案解析.doc

1、GRE11及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Except in times of -|_|-, we would scarcely allow public officials to declare states of emergency that replace some normal rules with those more -|_|-to extraordinary circumstances.（分数：1.00）A.debate diffidentB.serenity indifferentC.

2、catastrophe germaneD.obedience ill-suitedE.disaster hostile2.Though -|_|-in his youth, Muir grew in the fullness of time to acquire truly -|_|-habits envied by even the most hardened of his fellow survivalists.（分数：1.00）A.a stoic . gourmetB.a sycophant . humbleC.an eccentric . practicalD.a sensualist

3、 . spartanE.an ideologue . catholic3.While the causes of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction have received the most attention, Alvarezs paper points out work on the other major mass extinctions that may also be -|_|-for the tragedy.（分数：1.00）A.answerableB.indefensibleC.pitiableD.reprehensibleE.avoidab

4、le4.They were certain that this problem, like so many other -|_|-problems, did not ever have to be -|_|-, but could be resolved through oblique means.（分数：1.00）A.insoluble . solvedB.nettlesome . facedC.winsome . ignoredD.troublesome . categorizedE.fulsome . persuaded5.After a while, his anger abated,

5、 he stopped hurling -|_|-and, as he often did after such an outburst, became quite -|_|-.（分数：1.00）A.floridities . unassumingB.imprecations . remorsefulC.explications . ruefulD.epigrams . meekE.hyperbole . choleric6.The teacher has -|_|-catering to some students, but to retain his tenure, which effec

6、ts only after a teacher has unanimously gratified his students, he offers his complaints -|_|-（分数：1.00）A.a hesitancy about . carelesslyB.an aptitude for . sparinglyC.a repugnance toward . tactfullyD.an enthusiasm about . zealouslyE.a blitheness about . carefully7.The separation of religion from the

7、state does not mean the establishment of irreligion by the state, still less the imposition of -|_|-philosophy.（分数：1.00）A.a parochialB.a secularC.a liberalD.a piousE.an aristocratic二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)As the political consequences of Nazism and the liberal tone of the postwar world proved inho

8、spitable to Darwinist thinking, so the disintegration of the postwar order, the end of traditional leftwing politics, a growing social conservatism and disillusionment with the idea of social progress has led to its return. As anthropologist Foley expounded, the history of the twentieth century has

9、transformed our vision of humanity, leading to a loss of confidence in the notion that humans may be raised on a taxonomical pedestal above the swamp of animal brutishness. In deriding any social explanation of human behavior, and implying that emotions are biologically shaped, hence universal, scie

10、ntists have come to odds with cultural anthropologists, who ridicule any biological interpretation of human behavior and view humans in strictly cultural terms. There is convincing evidence that the anthropologists are correct, for even something as fundamental as an emotion is far more than simply

11、an evolutionary trait, given that only some emotions-anger, disgust, sadness, enjoyment and fear-are known to be universal, while others, such as jealousy and envy, vary in their expression and are arguably not emotions at all. Even emotions known to be universal cannot be regarded as simply “natura

12、l“, given that the evocation of a particular emotion is both culturally and historically specific. The connotation of anger or sadness and the elicitors of these emotions may vary across cultures and throughout human history. There.are also culturally bound “display rules“, often unconscious, which

13、dictate the means or time of displaying emotion. For instance, Japanese and American students are privately shown very similar emotions in response to similar stimuli, but their public expressions are far from identical, a fact that may owe to the Japanese cultural tendency of remaining demure in pu

14、blic expression. Even more contentious is the question of what emotions animals possess, of whether they are aware of such emotions, and of the relationship between animal responses and human emotions. The way of responding to these debates depends as much upon ones philosophical inciinations as on

15、the facts: scientists philosophically disposed to minimize the gap between humans and animals are more likely to perceive animals as having emotions, as being aware of them, while those anthropologists who seek an unbridgeable gap between humanity and lower life forms are likely to see appreciable d

16、ifferences between human emotions and animal responses. Thus, the scientific idea of the human is not simply an objective truth, but shaped by wider issues such as the prevailing ideas of progress, notions of racial difference, and the comprehension of the relationship between Man and Nature. All th

17、at may safely be concluded is that what constitutes a human is not only innate, but also nurtured. （分数：0.98）(1).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.refuting the notion that emotions are socially constructedB.delineating the difference between relative and universal

18、 behaviorC.describing how anthropologists identify emotions in foreign culturesD.measuring the extent to which emotions can be equated with evolutionary traitsE.comparing how emotions are expressed in various cultures(2).According to the passage, which of the following is true concerning the cultura

19、l ermination of emotions?（分数：0.14）A.Emotional expression varies between individuals to a significantly greater extent than it does between cultures.B.Neither anthropologists nor Darwinists have successfully established a scientific method for comparing one emotion with another.C.The cause of the emo

20、tion may vary from one historical time or geographical place to another.D.It is impossible to say whether any given emotion is in fact an emotion, or merely a biological response.E.It is difficult to distinguish between culturally-acquired emotions and innate ones determined by biology.(3).The autho

21、r of the passage describes human emotions as each of the following EXCEPT -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.relative in their meaningB.varying in typeC.innately acquiredD.ruled by social moresE.varying in degree(4).The author would most likely agree with which of the following descriptions of the conflict between Da

22、rwinists and cultural anthropologists over the nature of animal emotions?（分数：0.14）A.The concept of animal emotions suggests that human emotions are based on instinctual biology.B.Cultural relativists dispute the notion that animal emotions are innate and not be learned.C.Darwinists view the events o

23、f the twentieth-century as a triumph of animal instinct over rational human behavior.D.Darwinists wish to draw a line between emotional behavior and culturally acquired behavior.E.Cultural relativists support the idea of an animal behavior dictated by behavioral rules.(5).Which of the following hypo

24、thetical scientific discoveries would best support the cultural relativist view of emotion?（分数：0.14）A.Biological differences are noted in the parts of the brain governing emotional expressions in various races.B.Animals are discovered to express fear or excitement in an emotional manner when threate

25、ned.C.Japanese students are found to express certain emotions in a manner identical to Chinese students.D.African tribesmen are unable to identify the emotional facial expressions on actors in a film with Western characters.E.The rules governing the expression of emotion can be expressed and transla

26、ted from one language to another.(6).The authors attitude toward the theory of emotion as a purely evolutionary trait can best be described as -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.unrestrainedly supportiveB.extremely criticalC.perfectly neutralD.intellectually dishonestE.tentatively receptive(7).According to Foley, whi

27、ch of the following aspects of the political and historical events of the late twentieth-century confirm Darwinian theory?（分数：0.14）A.Social conservatism demands that human beings conform to established standards of behavior.B.As a movement, Nazism was doomed to perish by the same evolutionary forces

28、 that govern the expression of human emotions.C.The events of the twentieth century prove that social and biological thinking are incommensurate with one another.D.The disintegration of the postwar order was brought about by faulty relativist thinking.E.The decline of social progress indicates that

29、social goals are limited by biological forces.Crosbys recent study of American historical demography is blithely based on the reconstitution of the records of single parishes, a method that often excludes migrants. Moreover, it is troublesome for historians to obtain information on the birthdates of

30、 people who relocated to the parish, and equally difficult to follow those who had migrated to new places of residence. Thus, the exclusion of migrants also followed from the way spatial units were once conceived by the parishioners themselves, a stable and unchanging pre-modern countryside of inter

31、changeable towns unlike “modern“ flows to cities. As a result, migration was improperly assumed to be irrelevant because the small units in the countryside were interchangeable and migrants into a parish could thus stand as a proxy for those who had left. In any case, it was thought that migration i

32、n the countryside was repetitive and occurred only in response to life course events, such as finding a spouse, and thus, like the parishioners themselves, Crosby complacently equates the demographics of migrants to those of more sedimentary populations. （分数：-1.00）(1).In the passage, the author is p

33、rimarily concerned with_.（分数：-0.25）A.summarizing the findings of a studyB.placing new research within its historical contextC.evaluating the methodology of a historianD.comparing various demographical techniquesE.establishing categories(2).According to the passage, early American parishioners held w

34、hich of the following views concerning parish demography?（分数：-0.25）A.Migration between towns stands in direct contrast with the accumulation of population in cities.B.Parish populations would grow at fairly equal rates, given the fact that those who left a parish in response to life course events we

35、re usually replaced.C.Migration between parishes was a rare enough phenomenon that it was unnecessary to keep records of it in any fashion.D.Parish populations often chose to remain sedimentary as a result of the homogeneity of the various countryside parishes.E.Parish populations owed their existen

36、ce on the whole to the influx of populations due to life course events.(3).According to the passage, Crosby has made which of the following assumptions concerning historical means of demography?（分数：-0.25）A.Migration is in most cases dictated by life course events as opposed to the economic factors t

37、hat contribute to the development of cities.B.Population growth tends not to affect the availability of proxies for replacing emigrants from population centers.C.Sedimentary populations are more historically significant than nomadic or migratory ones.D.It is permissible to rely upon a single source

38、of information in studying population movement patterns.E.Migration can be disregarded as a demographic pattern in historical contexts prior to the development of large cities.(4).The passage suggests that one major difficulty in establishing patterns of migration is_.（分数：-0.25）A.the infrequency of

39、life course events, which restricts the amount of data available to demographersB.the overwhelming availability of proxies in migration patterns, which creates a degree of stasis in migration recordsC.the lack of parishioner birth records, which limits the hard evidence upon which demographers base

40、their observationsD.the homogeneity of single parishes, which makes it difficult to distinguish the motivations of migrantsE.the repetitive nature of migration, which results in a surfeit of unusable data that overwhelms demographers四、SECTION 3(总题数：9，分数：9.00)8.SCRUTINIZE: ADMIRE : :（分数：1.00）A.impris

41、on: hostB.forewarn: rageC.vacillate: resolveD.duplicate: imitateE.impel: push9.CARESS:AFFECTION: :（分数：1.00）A.flush: decencyB.salute: respectC.collapse: ennuiD.obstruct: quandaryE.apprehend: dread10.CONNOISSEUR: EXPERTISE : :（分数：1.00）A.benefactor: discretionB.amateur: obsessionC.zealot: incorruptibil

42、ityD.malefactor: injudiciousnessE.spendthrift: improvidence11.CABAL: ASSOCIATION : :（分数：1.00）A.archbishop: archdioceseB.mansion: palaceC.factory: manufacturerD.plot: planE.confrontation: spat12.VERIFY: DOUBTFUL : :（分数：1.00）A.embellish: austereB.depurate: rareC.vary: conspicuousD.compress: volatileE.

43、instruct: awkward13.GAFFE: DECORUM: :（分数：1.00）A.feint: combatB.trick: perceptionC.dogma: dissentD.gaucherie: urbanityE.hyperbole: presentation14.SERENDIPITOUS: CALCULATION : :（分数：1.00）A.noisome: fragranceB.ineluctable: chanceC.vertiginous: bearingD.preposterous: contradictionE.resplendent: surfeit15

44、RETARD: BRAKE : :（分数：1.00）A.raise: craneB.crash: shatterC.estimate: adjustD.examine: distendE.document: compare16.DROLL: LAUGH : :（分数：1.00）A.exclamatory: shriekB.blushful: stammerC.gruesome: quailD.sly: simperE.insipid: bore五、SECTION 4(总题数：11，分数：11.00)17.DENUNCIATION:（分数：1.00）A.purgeB.indecisivenes

45、sC.postponementD.eulogyE.statement18.ALLEVIATE:（分数：1.00）A.remedyB.proliferateC.reinforceD.switchE.aggravate19.UNEARTH:（分数：1.00）A.mergeB.planC.admireD.complyE.conceal20.RANCOR:（分数：1.00）A.valorB.buoyancyC.kindnessD.dominanceE.reverence21.PROSCRIBE:（分数：1.00）A.forecastB.defineC.respondD.authorizeE.recor

46、d22.PHLEGMATIC:（分数：1.00）A.aridB.adolescentC.cheerfulD.vigorousE.heroic23.REPORTORIAL:（分数：1.00）A.reticentB.imaginativeC.taciturnD.normalE.improbable24.MUNDANE:（分数：1.00）A.idealB.nimbleC.finerD.exoticE.sufficient25.PROFUNDITY:（分数：1.00）A.superficialityB.apprehensionC.falsityD.unityE.brevity26.CRUX:（分数：1

47、00）A.peripheral elementB.commencementC.convictionD.afflictionE.gratuity27.BOLSTER:（分数：1.00）A.demystifyB.opposeC.eraseD.abandonE.separateGRE11答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Except in times of -|_|-, we would scarcely allow public officials to declare states of emergenc

48、y that replace some normal rules with those more -|_|-to extraordinary circumstances.（分数：1.00）A.debate diffidentB.serenity indifferentC.catastrophe germane D.obedience ill-suitedE.disaster hostile解析：2.Though -|_|-in his youth, Muir grew in the fullness of time to acquire truly -|_|-habits envied by even the most hardened of his fellow survivalists.（分数：1.00）A.a stoic . gourmetB.a sycophant . humbleC.an eccentric . practicalD.a sensualist . spartan E.an ideologue . catholic解析：3.While the causes of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction have received the most attentio