GRE13及答案解析.doc

1、GRE13及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.The request to censor the art work of criminals, to which the courts sometimes surrender, might be more reasonable if exposure were somehow -|_|-to the criminals, instead of humbling them.（分数：1.00）A.ennoblingB.intriguingC.beneficial

2、D.nebulousE.tangential2.Politicians, activists and parents owe it to their children to -|_|-educational opportunity, whether that means confronting school boards to -|_|-better-trained teachers, forming charter schools, or going to court to ensure equality of funding for schools in poor areas.（分数：1.

3、00）A.appraise . interestB.increase . replenishC.investigate . discoverD.question . impugnE.equalize . demand3.His -|_|-of the assigned pages was itself a much too lengthy summary; by all accounts, if he wishes to succeed by the standards of succinctness and concision, he must learn to restrain his -

4、分数：1.00）A.development techniqueB.synthesis garrulousnessC.analysis constructionD.perusal interestE.synopsis verbosity4.A serious critic faces a dilemma: he must recognize the artistic element of uniqueness that -|_|-subjective reaction; yet he must not be unduly -|_|-by such a reaction.（分数：1.0

5、0）A.requires . prejudicedB.denies . limitedC.warrants . repelledD.invalidates . attractedE.repudiates . approbated5.While mimicking the thought of his mentor Socrates, who conceived of forms as existing on an ethereal, heavenly and -|_|-plane, Plato also argued that forms become -|_|-in objects.（分数：

6、1.00）A.abstract . rationalB.condensed . ratifiedC.sacrilegious . profaneD.transcendent . immanentE.imaginative . earthbound6.The Court had made clear that the Federal Government is one of -|_|-and enumerated powers, and thus none of them allow the government to -|_|-its citizens legal rights in thei

7、r own jurisdictions.（分数：1.00）A.limited abrogateB.special containC.judicial questionD.essential challengeE.expansive rescind7.Leaving no stone unturned in your -|_|-for the fugitive, gentlemen, I wish you every advantage, for the individual we seek is swift-witted, wily, and capable of the swiftest -

8、分数：1.00）A.adamancy . vengeanceB.wrath . chicaneryC.search . elusionsD.consanguinity . maneuversE.hunt . delusions二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own obstacle, the apparent need for an edge, a problem that has only recently been grappled

9、with. Aristotles argument, that the universe is finite, and that a boundary was necessary to fix an absolute reference frame, held only until scientists wondered what happened at the far side of the edge. In other words, why do we not redefine the “universe“ to include that other side? Riemann ingen

10、iously replied by proposing the hypersphere, the three- dimensional surface of a four-dimensional ball. Previously it was supposed that the ultimate physical reality must be a Euclidean space of some dimension, and thus if space were a hypersphere, it would need to sit in a four-dimensional Euclidea

11、n space that allows us to view it from the outside. But according to Riemann, it would be perfectly acceptable for the universe to be a hypersphere and not embedded in any higher-dimensional space; nature need not therefore cling to the ancient notion. According to Einsteins powerful but limited the

12、ory of relativity, space is a dynamic medium that can curve in one of three ways, depending on the distribution of matter and energy within it, but because we are embedded in space, we cannot see the flexure directly but rather perceive it as gravitational attraction and geometric distortion of imag

13、es. Thus, to determine which of the three geometries our universe has, astronomers are forced to measure the density of matter and energy in the cosmos, whose amounts appear at present to be insufficient to force space to arch back on itself in “spherical“ geometry. Space may also have the familiar

14、Euclidean geometry, like that of a plane, or a “hyperbolic“ geometry, like that of a saddle. Furthermore, the universe could be spherical, yet so large that the observable part seems Euclidean, just as a small patch of the earths surface looks flat. We must recall that relativity is a purely local t

15、heory: it predicts the curvature of each small volume of space-its geometry-based on the matter and energy it contains, and the three plausible cosmic geometries are consistent with many different topologies: relativity would describe both a torus and a plane with the same equations, even though the

16、 torus is finite and the plane is infinite. Determining the topology therefore requires some physical understanding beyond relativity, in order to answer the question, for instance, of whether the universe is, like a plane, “simply connected“, meaning there is only one direct path for light to trave

17、l from a source to an observer. A simply connected Euclidean or hyperbolic universe would indeed be infinite-and seems self-evident to the layman-but unfortunately the universe might instead be “multiply-connected“, like a torus, in which case there are many different such paths. An observer could s

18、ee multiple images of each galaxy and easily interpret them as distinct galaxies in an endless space, much as a visitor to a mirrored room has the illusion of seeing a huge crowd, and for this reason physicists have yet to conclusively determine the shape of the universe. （分数：0.98）(1).In the passage

19、 the author is primarily concerned with -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.searching for an accurate method of determining whether the universe is finite or infiniteB.discussing problems and possibilities involved in providing a definite picture of the shape of the universeC.declaring opposition to the notion that s

20、pherical geometry is a possible model for the shape of the universeD.criticizing discredited theories about the possible topologies of the universeE.refuting the idea that there is no way to tell whether the universe is finite and if so what shape it has(2).The “ancient notion“ (line 14) to which th

21、e author refers to is the idea that -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.infinite space, by definition, can exist but cannot be observed from an external reference pointB.in order for there to be an outside to the universe, the ultimate physical reality must be a Euclidean planar spaceC.one cannot observe the edge of a

22、ny object, including the universe, except by using a perspective external to itD.the universe can always be redefined to include what is beyond an absolute reference pointE.the universe is a hypersphere which must be embedded in higher-dimensional space than that given by Euclidean geometry(3).The a

23、uthor would regard the idea that the universe inhabits a spherical geometry as -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.unimportantB.unscientificC.self-evidentD.plausibleE.unlikely(4).Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first?（分数：0.14）A.The second paragraph limits the appli

24、cability of the theoretical method described in the first paragraph.B.The second paragraph provides further elaboration on why an assertion made at the end of the first paragraph proves true in most cases.C.The second paragraph provides additional information in support of a hypothesis stated in the

25、 first paragraph.D.The second paragraph provides an example of a case in which the assumption described in the first paragraph is warranted.E.The second paragraph describes a phenomenon that has the same cause as the phenomenon described in the first paragraph.(5).Which of the following does the pas

26、sage imply about the notion that the universe may be based on a spherical geometry?（分数：0.14）A.Of the three models of spatial curvature proposed by Einstein, only spherical geometry contradicts the Euclidean model.B.The primary evidence for the notion is that that observers cannot see spatial flexure

27、 directly, but perceive it as gravitational attraction.C.Space mapped on the spherical geometrical model may curve in one of three ways, as Einstein proposed.D.Spheres typically contain only three dimensions, whereas most models of the universe attribute it at least four.E.Scientists are skeptical,

28、given that mass and energy quantities seem insufficient, yet ultimately do not know enough to dismiss the notion.(6).According to the passage, an important limitation of relativity theory is that -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.it fails to describe space on a non-local level, complicating attempts to determine the

29、 geometrical model of the universeB.it cannot account for the possibility that the universe may be multiply- connected instead of singly-connectedC.it yields inconsistencies in spatial topology equations, discriminating unnecessarily between the torus and the planeD.it creates the illusion that obse

30、rvable space is curved, when in fact the universe may be Euclidean and planarE.it does not provides sufficient variety in geometrical models to describe all the possible ways in which space may curve(7).The author refers to the illusion of seeing crowds primarily in order to -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.illustr

31、ate that relativity theory remains a useful tool in determining the topology of the universeB.indicate a descriptive advantage that toruses might have over Euclidean or hyperbolic universesC.argue that empirical methods of determining the shape of the universe are invariably doomed to failureD.sugge

32、st that the common sense behind the notion that the universe is simply- connected may be misguidedE.assert that two models of the geometry of the universe may vary in terms of observable predictions but be mathematically equivalentCrosbys recent study of American historical demography is blithely ba

33、sed on the reconstitution of the records of single parishes, a method that often excludes migrants. Moreover, it is troublesome for historians to obtain information on the birthdates of people who relocated to the parish, and equally difficult to follow those who had migrated to new places of reside

34、nce. Thus, the exclusion of migrants also followed from the way spatial units were once conceived by the parishioners themselves, a stable and unchanging pre-modern countryside of interchangeable towns unlike “modern“ flows to cities. As a result, migration was improperly assumed to be irrelevant be

35、cause the small units in the countryside were interchangeable and migrants into a parish could thus stand as a proxy for those who had left. In any case, it was thought that migration in the countryside was repetitive and occurred only in response to life course events, such as finding a spouse, and

36、 thus, like the parishioners themselves, Crosby complacently equates the demographics of migrants to those of more sedimentary populations. （分数：-1.00）(1).In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with_.（分数：-0.25）A.summarizing the findings of a studyB.placing new research within its historica

37、l contextC.evaluating the methodology of a historianD.comparing various demographical techniquesE.establishing categories(2).According to the passage, early American parishioners held which of the following views concerning parish demography?（分数：-0.25）A.Migration between towns stands in direct contr

38、ast with the accumulation of population in cities.B.Parish populations would grow at fairly equal rates, given the fact that those who left a parish in response to life course events were usually replaced.C.Migration between parishes was a rare enough phenomenon that it was unnecessary to keep recor

39、ds of it in any fashion.D.Parish populations often chose to remain sedimentary as a result of the homogeneity of the various countryside parishes.E.Parish populations owed their existence on the whole to the influx of populations due to life course events.(3).According to the passage, Crosby has mad

40、e which of the following assumptions concerning historical means of demography?（分数：-0.25）A.Migration is in most cases dictated by life course events as opposed to the economic factors that contribute to the development of cities.B.Population growth tends not to affect the availability of proxies for

41、 replacing emigrants from population centers.C.Sedimentary populations are more historically significant than nomadic or migratory ones.D.It is permissible to rely upon a single source of information in studying population movement patterns.E.Migration can be disregarded as a demographic pattern in

42、historical contexts prior to the development of large cities.(4).The passage suggests that one major difficulty in establishing patterns of migration is_.（分数：-0.25）A.the infrequency of life course events, which restricts the amount of data available to demographersB.the overwhelming availability of

43、proxies in migration patterns, which creates a degree of stasis in migration recordsC.the lack of parishioner birth records, which limits the hard evidence upon which demographers base their observationsD.the homogeneity of single parishes, which makes it difficult to distinguish the motivations of

44、migrantsE.the repetitive nature of migration, which results in a surfeit of unusable data that overwhelms demographers四、SECTION 3(总题数：9，分数：9.00)8.VALOR: COWARDICE : :（分数：1.00）A.decadence: fervorB.audacity: perseveranceC.superficiality: naivetyD.mendacity: honestyE.benevolence: gorgeousness9.ENTOMOLO

45、GY: INSECTS : :（分数：1.00）A.rhetoric: moralsB.logistics: reasoningC.theology: truthD.epistemology: knowledgeE.ethics: ceremony10.RUBBER: TIRE : :（分数：1.00）A.skin: hairB.silver: cutleryC.window: paneD.erosion: ironE.piece: paper11.SCRIBBLE: WRITE : :（分数：1.00）A.reflect: contemplateB.listen: overhearC.jot

46、 doodleD.simper: smileE.glance: ogle12.METEOROLOGY: WEATHER : :（分数：1.00）A.cosmology: atmosphereB.seismology: earthquakeC.alchemy: chemistryD.phonetics: languageE.mythology: narrative13.CHURCH: SANCTUARY : :（分数：1.00）A.lounge: hotelB.porch: mansionC.stage: curtainD.cavern: mountainE.house: boudoir14.

47、GLARING: LIGHT : :（分数：1.00）A.piquant: odorB.ruined: buildingC.grating: soundD.infamous: performanceE.epidemic: malady15.RECLUSE: WITHDRAW : :（分数：1.00）A.malefactor: reiterateB.rhetorician: equivocateC.philosopher: cogitateD.autocrat: improviseE.figurehead: boycott16.WARNING: ADMONITORY : :（分数：1.00）A.

48、decision: ambiguousB.alibi: exculpatoryC.deformity: congenitalD.stratagem: antagonisticE.analysis: holistic五、SECTION 4(总题数：11，分数：11.00)17.SOMATIC:（分数：1.00）A.senselessB.manualC.spiritualD.singleE.stressful18.CRAVEN:（分数：1.00）A.valorousB.conceitedC.meticulousD.unresponsiveE.irritable19.MANIPULATIVE:（分数：1.00）A.unchangedB.guilelessC.incompetentD.emotionalE.sluggish20.SYNCHRONOUS:（分数：1.00）A.easyB.inharmoniousC.apatheticD.out-of-phaseE.amorphous21.INCHOATE:（分数：1.00）A.famousB.inherently soundC.physically enjoyableD.apparentE.matured22.INDIGENCE:（分数：1.00）A.conceitB.livelinessC.brav