GRE27及答案解析.doc

1、GRE27及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Scientists have acknowledged that to interpret an animals thought processes in a sound manner requires a heavy dose of -|_|-. from our own mental patterns, which we access（分数：1.00）A.estimation . vicariouslyB.calculation . egotistica

2、llyC.guesswork . methodicallyD.inference . introspectivelyE.skepticism . analogously2.Historians have established that Charles the III regretted the -|_|-of his treasury, the consequence of several expensive war campaigns, but he nevertheless trusted that he would find -|_|-in his struggle against t

3、he king of France.（分数：1.00）A.scope . aidB.penury . favorC.deficiency . sagacityD.paucity . defeatE.dearth, cogency3.The -|_|-which in later life he developed towards Charleston suggests that his -|_|-childhood had left unsatisfied his need for a permanent home.（分数：1.00）A.discomfort . humdrumB.attach

4、ment . peripateticC.resignation . pedestrianD.indifference . wilyE.passion . distraught4.Because many of the blacklists in the communications and entertainment industries were secret, the number of playwrights, script writers, novelists, and journalists who were -|_|-to stop writing permanently is -

5、分数：1.00）A.happy . astoundingB.forced . unknownC.unafraid . impressiveD.inclined . unsurprisingE.remiss . inconceivable5.Henry James was to some degree interested in voyeuristically exploring his characters psychologies, though he was -|_|-this enterprise less by -|_|-than by sympathy.（分数：1.00）

6、A.seduced into affectionB.impelled to curiosityC.goaded into loathD.discouraged from apathyE.intrigued by self-pity6.The hostile epistolary of that choleric politician were larded with -|_|-sympathy, strained sarcasm or pure spite.（分数：1.00）A.plangentB.ersatzC.acerbicD.keenE.erstwhile7.His father ser

7、ved as -|_|-to the entire Garcia clan, dispensing money and advice to those who needed it, and the family, in turn, revered him.（分数：1.00）A.prelateB.paterfamiliasC.mountebankD.valetE.creditor二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own obstacle, the app

8、arent need for an edge, a problem that has only recently been grappled with. Aristotles argument, that the universe is finite, and that a boundary was necessary to fix an absolute reference frame, held only until scientists wondered what happened at the far side of the edge. In other words, why do w

9、e not redefine the “universe“ to include that other side? Riemann ingeniously replied by proposing the hypersphere, the three- dimensional surface of a four-dimensional ball. Previously it was supposed that the ultimate physical reality must be a Euclidean space of some dimension, and thus if space

10、were a hypersphere, it would need to sit in a four-dimensional Euclidean space that allows us to view it from the outside. But according to Riemann, it would be perfectly acceptable for the universe to be a hypersphere and not embedded in any higher-dimensional space; nature need not therefore cling

11、 to the ancient notion. According to Einsteins powerful but limited theory of relativity, space is a dynamic medium that can curve in one of three ways, depending on the distribution of matter and energy within it, but because we are embedded in space, we cannot see the flexure directly but rather p

12、erceive it as gravitational attraction and geometric distortion of images. Thus, to determine which of the three geometries our universe has, astronomers are forced to measure the density of matter and energy in the cosmos, whose amounts appear at present to be insufficient to force space to arch ba

13、ck on itself in “spherical“ geometry. Space may also have the familiar Euclidean geometry, like that of a plane, or a “hyperbolic“ geometry, like that of a saddle. Furthermore, the universe could be spherical, yet so large that the observable part seems Euclidean, just as a small patch of the earths

14、 surface looks flat. We must recall that relativity is a purely local theory: it predicts the curvature of each small volume of space-its geometry-based on the matter and energy it contains, and the three plausible cosmic geometries are consistent with many different topologies: relativity would des

15、cribe both a torus and a plane with the same equations, even though the torus is finite and the plane is infinite. Determining the topology therefore requires some physical understanding beyond relativity, in order to answer the question, for instance, of whether the universe is, like a plane, “simp

16、ly connected“, meaning there is only one direct path for light to travel from a source to an observer. A simply connected Euclidean or hyperbolic universe would indeed be infinite-and seems self-evident to the layman-but unfortunately the universe might instead be “multiply-connected“, like a torus,

17、 in which case there are many different such paths. An observer could see multiple images of each galaxy and easily interpret them as distinct galaxies in an endless space, much as a visitor to a mirrored room has the illusion of seeing a huge crowd, and for this reason physicists have yet to conclu

18、sively determine the shape of the universe. （分数：0.98）(1).In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.searching for an accurate method of determining whether the universe is finite or infiniteB.discussing problems and possibilities involved in providing a definite picture

19、of the shape of the universeC.declaring opposition to the notion that spherical geometry is a possible model for the shape of the universeD.criticizing discredited theories about the possible topologies of the universeE.refuting the idea that there is no way to tell whether the universe is finite an

20、d if so what shape it has(2).The “ancient notion“ (line 14) to which the author refers to is the idea that -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.infinite space, by definition, can exist but cannot be observed from an external reference pointB.in order for there to be an outside to the universe, the ultimate physical rea

21、lity must be a Euclidean planar spaceC.one cannot observe the edge of any object, including the universe, except by using a perspective external to itD.the universe can always be redefined to include what is beyond an absolute reference pointE.the universe is a hypersphere which must be embedded in

22、higher-dimensional space than that given by Euclidean geometry(3).The author would regard the idea that the universe inhabits a spherical geometry as -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.unimportantB.unscientificC.self-evidentD.plausibleE.unlikely(4).Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second

23、paragraph to the first?（分数：0.14）A.The second paragraph limits the applicability of the theoretical method described in the first paragraph.B.The second paragraph provides further elaboration on why an assertion made at the end of the first paragraph proves true in most cases.C.The second paragraph p

24、rovides additional information in support of a hypothesis stated in the first paragraph.D.The second paragraph provides an example of a case in which the assumption described in the first paragraph is warranted.E.The second paragraph describes a phenomenon that has the same cause as the phenomenon d

25、escribed in the first paragraph.(5).Which of the following does the passage imply about the notion that the universe may be based on a spherical geometry?（分数：0.14）A.Of the three models of spatial curvature proposed by Einstein, only spherical geometry contradicts the Euclidean model.B.The primary ev

26、idence for the notion is that that observers cannot see spatial flexure directly, but perceive it as gravitational attraction.C.Space mapped on the spherical geometrical model may curve in one of three ways, as Einstein proposed.D.Spheres typically contain only three dimensions, whereas most models

27、of the universe attribute it at least four.E.Scientists are skeptical, given that mass and energy quantities seem insufficient, yet ultimately do not know enough to dismiss the notion.(6).According to the passage, an important limitation of relativity theory is that -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.it fails to desc

28、ribe space on a non-local level, complicating attempts to determine the geometrical model of the universeB.it cannot account for the possibility that the universe may be multiply- connected instead of singly-connectedC.it yields inconsistencies in spatial topology equations, discriminating unnecessa

29、rily between the torus and the planeD.it creates the illusion that observable space is curved, when in fact the universe may be Euclidean and planarE.it does not provides sufficient variety in geometrical models to describe all the possible ways in which space may curve(7).The author refers to the i

30、llusion of seeing crowds primarily in order to -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.illustrate that relativity theory remains a useful tool in determining the topology of the universeB.indicate a descriptive advantage that toruses might have over Euclidean or hyperbolic universesC.argue that empirical methods of determ

31、ining the shape of the universe are invariably doomed to failureD.suggest that the common sense behind the notion that the universe is simply- connected may be misguidedE.assert that two models of the geometry of the universe may vary in terms of observable predictions but be mathematically equivale

32、ntPreviously, the sack-like rabbit appendix was thought to serve primarily as a reservoir for the bacteria involved in hindgut fermentation, a explanation that failed to account for the absence of an appendix in other animals with similar digestive systems or for its presence in humans. Microscopic

33、research revealed that the appendix contains a significant amount of lymphoid tissue, similar aggregates of which tissue occur in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. These are involved, possibly, in the bodys ability to recognize foreign antigens in ingested material, but the evidence is inco

34、nclusive, to the extent that scientists have long discounted the human appendix as a “vestigial“ organ. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the appendix, far from being a “vestigial organ“, hag a significant function as a part of the body s immune system. The appendix achieves its grea

35、test development shortly after birth, when immune response is first developing, then regresses with age, when the immune response mediated by the appendix may relate to such inflammatory conditions as ulcerative colitis, which in adults necessitates the organ s surgical removal. （分数：-1.00）(1).Which

36、of the following hypothetical discoveries, if made, would cast MOST doubt on the most recent conclusions regarding the function of the human appendix?（分数：-0.25）A.After laboratory experiments, scientists discover evidence to reject the notion hat the human appendix is a “vestigial“ organ.B.Certain an

37、imal species which had not previously been given attention are to possess an appendix resembling that of humans.C.Lymphoid tissue is discovered, after careful study, not to play a role in the recognition of foreign antigens in ingested material.D.After re-examination of the evidence, ulcerative coli

38、tis is discovered to be caused by factors wholly unrelated to the human appendix.E.It is discovered that in rabbits, hindgut fermentation does not require the presence of an organ acting as reservoir for bacteria.(2).Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to t

39、he first?（分数：-0.25）A.The second paragraph relies on different evidence in drawing a conclusion similar to that expressed in the first paragraph.B.The second paragraph provides further elaboration on why an assertion made at the end of the first paragraph proves true in most cases.C.The second paragr

40、aph provides additional information in support of a hypothesis stated in the first paragraph.D.The second paragraph provides an example of a case in which the assumption described in the first paragraph is unwarranted.E.The second paragraph describes a phenomenon that has the same cause as the pheno

41、menon described in the first paragraph.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions about the appendix?（分数：-0.25）A.Scientists have ruled out the possibility that the appendix is involved in hindgut ferment

42、ation in all species, including rabbits.B.As an organ, the appendix is more useful to the immune response of human beings in their first development than later in life.C.The human appendix contains greater amounts of lymphoid tissue than the aggregates of which that are found in other areas of the g

43、astrointestinal tract.D.The appendix in a human child is generally less well developed than the appendix in a human adult.E.The presence of the appendix in humans suggests that the human digestive process resembles the rabbit digestive process more than that of other animal species.(4).The passage p

44、rovides information in support of which of the following assertions?（分数：-0.25）A.Lymphoid tissue somehow involved in the bodys ability to recognize foreignantigens in ingested material is a primary cause of ulcerative colitis.B.The appendix is an anomaly among mammals, existing in rabbits and humans

45、largely as an evolutionary fluke.C.Microscopic research is insufficient to give even the vaguest suggestion of what the human appendixs function may be.D.The digestive process in human beings is less dependent on the hindgut fermentation process than is the digestive process in rabbits.E.Lymphoid ti

46、ssue that recognize foreign antigens is absent in the digestive systems of animals that lack appendixes.四、SECTION 3(总题数：9，分数：9.00)8.CARESS:AFFECTION: :（分数：1.00）A.flush: decencyB.salute: respectC.collapse: ennuiD.obstruct: quandaryE.apprehend: dread9.VERIFY: DOUBTFUL : :（分数：1.00）A.embellish: austereB

47、depurate: rareC.vary: conspicuousD.compress: volatileE.instruct: awkward10.TOADY: OBSEQUIOUS:（分数：1.00）A.brigand: arrogantB.malefactor: poisedC.miser: stingyD.stickler: carefulE.aristocrat: eloquent11.CREEK: RIVER : :（分数：1.00）A.avalanche: landslideB.tunnel: capillaryC.blizzard: galeD.hill: mountainE

48、copse: stand12.MERITOCRACY: ACHIEVEMENT : :（分数：1.00）A.plutocracy: wealthB.elitism: expertiseC.theocracy: wisdomD.bureaucracy: authorityE.gerontocracy: superiority13.POSTSCRIPT: LETTER : :（分数：1.00）A.inscription: souvenirB.appendix: textbookC.foundation: columnD.signature: epistolaryE.dialogue: opera

49、14.SOLDIER: COUNTRY : :（分数：1.00）A.provost: studentB.president: universityC.bodyguard: individualD.lawyer: courtE.sheriff: crime15.CONDENSATION: APHORISM : :（分数：1.00）A.subversion: assertionB.invention: neologismC.exaggeration: caricatureD.truncation: heuristicsE.extradition: legislation16.ROE: FISH : :（分数：1.00）A.skin: whale