GRE28及答案解析.doc

1、GRE28及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.With legal migration, governments need to persuade voters that they are accepting immigrants who will be -|_|-for the country, rather than those who will -|_|-drain resources.（分数：1.00）A.beneficial merelyB.jingoistic withalC.exotic c

2、onstantlyD.amusing ungraciouslyE.helpful seldom2.At the present time, unfortunately, several governments grant permission to rapacious animal poachers, with few conditions attached and -|_|-compensation for those whose -|_|-are exploited.（分数：1.00）A.little sciencesB.diminutive ideasC.significant reso

3、urcesD.scanty environmentsE.inappropriate laws3.Except in times of -|_|-, we would scarcely allow public officials to declare states of emergency that replace some normal rules with those more -|_|-to extraordinary circumstances.（分数：1.00）A.debate diffidentB.serenity indifferentC.catastrophe germaneD

4、.obedience ill-suitedE.disaster hostile4.The reality of governance is rarely -|_|-; institutions do not operate according to mechanical laws, they evolve organically.（分数：1.00）A.staticB.nobleC.proteanD.documentedE.inconsistent5.Despite the -|_|-odds that the poor facilities and elements have brought

5、about, they have managed to persevere as an athletic team and triumph.（分数：1.00）A.insuperableB.dispassionateC.indefatigableD.steelyE.ambivalent6.In no sense -|_|-, the billionaires fortunes survived yet another financial panic that saw the bankruptcy of thousands of more prudent investors.（分数：1.00）A.

6、realisticB.immutableC.mercurialD.impecuniousE.considerable7.London possessed the manner of -|_|-.he was a man whose stately elegance suggested that he deemed himself above the -|_|-.（分数：1.00）A.a historian . misdeedB.a patrician . frayC.a poltroon . massesD.a pedant . laymenE.a decadent . immoral二、SE

7、CTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Scientists studying the effect of large volcanic eruptions on global climate have long focused on the major quantities of carbon dioxide (C02), a gas known to contribute to the greenhouse effect, produced by these eruptions. It is well observed that such greenhouse gases trap h

8、eat radiated from the surface of the earth, thereby forming a type of insulation around the planet. The greenhouse effect is essential for ecological equipoise because it maintains the temperature of the planet within habitable parameters, but there is growing concern that man-made production of gas

9、es such as CO,2 from the burning of fossil fuels may be threatening the systems tolerance, and have resulted in excessive warming on a global scale. While volcanic eruptions indubitably metabolize and accumulate C0,2 in the atmosphere, it has been recently discovered that their impact is virtually t

10、rivial compared to the quantity produced by human activities, especially heavy industry. In reality, the more substantive climatic effect from volcanoes results from the production of atmospheric haze, whereby large eruption columns inject ash particles and sulfur-rich gases into the troposphere and

11、 stratosphere, clouds that circumscribe the globe within weeks of the volcanic activity. Ash and aerosol clouds from large volcanic eruptions disseminate quickly through the atmosphere, and the small ash particles decrease the amount of sunlight reaching the surface of the earth and lower average gl

12、obal temperatures, while the sulfurous gases combine with water in the atmosphere to form acidic aerosols that also absorb incoming solar radiation and scatter it back out into space. There is evidence that volcanoes stratospheric ash clouds has a lesser effect on global temperatures than aerosol cl

13、ouds, given that the major Mt. St. Helens eruption had lowered global temperatures by about 0.1 degree C, while two years later the much smaller eruption of El Chico had, by contrast, three to five times the global cooling effect worldwide. Despite its smaller ash cloud, El Chico emitted more than 4

14、0 times the volume of sulfur-rich gases produced by Mt. St. Helens, revealing that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash produced during an eruption. Sulfate aerosols appear to necessitate several years to sett

15、le out of the atmosphere, one of the reasons their effects are so widespread and enduring. This corroborates the opinion of those scientists who argue that without the cooling effect of major volcanic eruptions such as El Chico, global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more sub

16、stantial. It should be noted that major volcanic eruptions have additional climatic effects beyond global temperature decreases and acid rain, for ash and aerosol particles suspended in the atmosphere scatter light of red wavelengths, often resulting in brilliantly colored sunsets and sunrises aroun

17、d the world. （分数：0.98）(1).According to the passage, scientists have decided that sulfur aerosols from volcanic eruptions affect global temperatures to a greater extent than ash clouds because -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.the greenhouse gas effect produced by human activities tends to have a much greater environ

18、mental effect than that of volcanic explosionsB.clouds of sulfur-rich gases tend to achieve greater heights in the stratosphere than do ash cloudsC.a particular explosion producing high sulfur and little ash had a greater environmental effect than the converseD.the burning of fossil fuels tends to e

19、xacerbate the effects of sulfurous aerosols, but not those of ash cloudsE.global warming effects tend to minimize the impact of ash clouds, but not those of sulfurous aerosols(2).The passage suggests that the effects of volcanic carbon dioxide on the environment differ from those of sulfurous gases

20、in that -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.carbon dioxide tends to alleviate environmental haze, while sulfurous gases usually increase itB.carbon dioxide tends to increase temperatures by trapping sunlight, while sulfurous gases tend to decrease temperatures by blocking itC.carbon dioxide tends to have an effect on

21、the environment, while sulfurous gases for the most part do notD.sulfurous gases have played an even more significant role than carbon dioxide in pushing environmental temperatures outside the habitable rangeE.sulfurous gases tend to decrease the level of solar radiation outside the earths atmospher

22、e, while carbon dioxide plays only a negligible role(3).Which of the following, if presented as the first sentence of a succeeding paragraph, would most logically continue the discussion presented in the passage?（分数：0.14）A.The influence of volcanic eruptions on global weather patterns is almost comp

23、letely understood at present.B.Scientists have only begun to understand, however, the effects of these wavelengths of light on the global environment.C.The majority of global cooling effects have thus been attributed to volcanic explosions.D.The human warming activities ameliorate by volcanic erupti

24、ons include those produced both by heavy industry and agriculture.E.The reason that sulfate aerosols take an unusually large time to disperse owes primarily to meteorological factors, including the jet stream.(4).Which of the following discoveries would likely have an effect upon the views of scient

25、ists similar to that of the explosion of El Chico?（分数：0.14）A.The history of wildfires in North America demonstrates that controlled blazes have a positive effect on the environment, on the whole.B.The capability of certain metal alloys to withstand great heat proves greater than that of another, con

26、firming metallurgists suspicions.C.The study of seismological data proves that existing safety standards in construction will likely prove insufficient in the future.D.One cigarette brand is found to cause fewer cases of cancer than another brand, disproving the notion that the first brands contents

27、 are more carcinogenic.E.Ideas concerning the causes of schizophrenia are complicated by the discovery of a rare new psychotic condition whose symptoms defy explanation.(5).The author mentions the eruption of Mount St. Helens (lines 25 -26) primarily in order to emphasize which of the following poin

28、ts?（分数：0.14）A.The deep and enduring effect that volcanic eruptions have on the environmentB.The process by which classic volcanic eruptions tend to occurC.The relative dearth of cases with scientists can judge the effects of volcain eruptionsD.A sample case with which later volcanic explosions are c

29、omparedE.The global cooling effects of one of the best-studied volcanic eruptions(6).Which of the following best describes the organization of the third paragraph of the passage?（分数：0.14）A.A theory is proposed, considered, and then amended.B.Opposing views are presented, elaborated, and then reconci

30、led.C.A problem is described, then a solution is discussed and its effectiveness is affirmed.D.A view is advanced, then refuted, and an alternative is suggested.E.A hypothesis is presented, qualified, and then reaffirmed.(7).The passage suggests that which of the following would be true if volcanic

31、eruptions did not take place?（分数：0.14）A.The environment would likely contain fewer non-biodegradable pollutants, due to lesser quantities of sulfurous gases and ash clouds.B.Greenhouse gas effects on rising global temperatures would likely be somewhat less worrisome than those postulated by scientis

32、ts today.C.Acid rain produced by heavy industry would likely be more of a problem than it currently is, given the tendency of volcanic eruptions to hasten atmospheric cycles.D.Global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more substantial than they are today if volcanic cooling effe

33、cts ceased to take place.E.The environment would likely be cooler, for the atmosphere would contain fewer sulfurous gases and ash clouds.Behavioral psychologists apprehend that conditioned fear responses to atone previously paired with a shock diminish, if the tone is repeatedly presented without th

34、e shock, a process known as extinction. Since Parlor it has been hypothesized that this extinction does not erase conditioning, but forms a new memory. Research has now demonstrated that destruction of the infralimbic cortice blocks recall of fear extinction, indicating that it might store long-term

35、 extinction memory. Infralimbic neurons recorded during fear conditioning and extinction fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the following day, and rats indicating the least fear responses also demonstrate the greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses. Conditioned tones

36、 paired with brief electrical stimulation of infralimbic cortex elicit low fear responses in rats that have not undergone extinction. Thus, stimulation resembling extinction-induced infralimbic tone responses is able to simulate extinction memory. （分数：-1.00）(1).According to the passage, behavioral p

37、sychologists studying the extinction process have discerned which of the following?（分数：-0.25）A.The exact length of time required for a fear response to become extinct in a human subjectB.The effect of tone conditioning in comparison with other forms of stimuliC.The possible effects of surgical opera

38、tions on the infralimbic corticeD.The potential of tone conditioning in treating undesirable fear responsesE.The limits of Pavlovs contribution to modern behavioral psychology(2).It can be inferred that a rat with its infralimbic cortices destroyed would respond which of the following ways to a tone

39、 previously conditioned to induce a fear response? . It would demonstrate fear if extinction had occurred the previous day. . It would demonstrate fear if extinction had occurred earlier than the previous day. . It would demonstrate fear even if extinction had never occurred at all. （分数：-0.25）A. onl

40、yB. onlyC. and onlyD. and onlyE., , and (3).According to the passage, “infralimbic neurons. fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the following day“ (lines 7-9) for which of the following reasons?（分数：-0.25）A.Extinction has not been proven to erase the memory of fear conditionin

41、g in rats.B.The extinction response requires a number of days to develop.C.The subjects original fear response was not conditioned to a tone.D.The infralimbic cortices carry the memory of fear extinction.E.Rats that show the least fear demonstrate the greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses.

42、(4).Which of the following most accurately describes the passage?（分数：-0.25）A.A description of a replicable experimentB.A summary report of new findingsC.A recommendation for pursuing a new area of researchD.A refutation of an earlier hypothesisE.A confirmation of an earlier research四、SECTION 3(总题数：9

43、，分数：9.00)8.INVENTORY: GOODS : :（分数：1.00）A.census: inhabitantsB.ballot: incumbentsC.manifesto: obligationsD.agenda: meetingE.roster: employers9.PRESIDENT: COUNTRY : :（分数：1.00）A.choreographer: danceB.speaker: parliamentC.actress: performanceD.instrumentalist: melodyE.poetess: thesaurus10.SURMOUNT: ABO

44、VE : :（分数：1.00）A.insert: acrossB.permeate: throughC.deviate: towardD.center: roundE.pursue: straight11.DROLL: LAUGH : :（分数：1.00）A.exclamatory: shriekB.blushful: stammerC.gruesome: quailD.sly: simperE.insipid: bore12.PERORATION: SPEECH : :（分数：1.00）A.epic: stropheB.luminance: umbrageC.epilogue: novelD

45、.rhythm: poemE.image: picture13.REDUNDANT: SUPERFLUITY:（分数：1.00）A.transient: evanescenceB.malevolent: imperfectionC.prevalent: universalityD.proportionate: eleganceE.abnormal: conspicuousness14.ADROITNESS: INEPITUDE : :（分数：1.00）A.obscurity: necessityB.stoicism: generosityC.ferocity: insubordinationD

46、.complexity: tangencyE.difficulty: simplicity15.SPEAK: DRAWL : :（分数：1.00）A.eat: sipB.run: canterC.lament: sighD.gain: coverE.look: glance16.SPONTANEOUS: CALCULATED : :（分数：1.00）A.random: inscrutableB.laconic: volubleC.arbitrary: fairD.adaptable: steadyE.graceful: innocent五、SECTION 4(总题数：11，分数：11.00)1

47、7.BREACH:（分数：1.00）A.forge aheadB.collectC.remain quietD.weldE.offer support18.PATHOLOGICAL:（分数：1.00）A.normalB.sharpC.sufficientD.erraticE.provisional19.BELIE:（分数：1.00）A.preventB.exhibitC.regulateD.averE.inflate20.LUMBER:（分数：1.00）A.opposeB.glideC.veerD.make straightE.muffle21.DESICCATE:（分数：1.00）A.tem

48、ptB.hydrateC.promptD.decomposeE.milk22.ABROGATE:（分数：1.00）A.converse covertlyB.confess readilyC.postponeD.supportE.peruse fully23.FLEDGLING:（分数：1.00）A.alert audienceB.championC.reticent assistantD.seasoned practitionerE.newly transformed person24.BAROQUE:（分数：1.00）A.refinedB.volatileC.simpleD.ornateE.

49、brilliant25.INCURSION:（分数：1.00）A.withdrawalB.compensationC.reversionD.lack of esteemE.indecisiveness26.FACILITATE:（分数：1.00）A.gripB.secreteC.sanctifyD.impedeE.hurdle27.EXTANT：（分数：1.00）A.addiuonalB.removableC.broadD.vanishedE.irrelevantGRE28答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.With legal migration, governments need