GRE30及答案解析.doc

1、GRE30及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Few mathematicians are -|_|-their futures on finding any such proof; instead, their efforts are focused on finding good, but not -|_|-, solutions for most cases, a field of study aptly known as approximation theory.（分数：1.00）A.bettin

2、g perfectB.developing convenientC.pinning substandardD.destroying exactE.establishing vague2.The result of this biochemical test has caused an uproar, and ever since its publication, researchers have been full of responses of -|_|-quality: whereas some deal with the tests implications in a calm mann

3、er, others sound alarms.（分数：1.00）A.cholericB.admonitoryC.whimsicalD.homogenousE.variable3.His initial broadcasting success as a young man was due at least as much to his considerable professional -|_|-as it was to his fathers broadcasting connections.（分数：1.00）A.aplombB.uncertaintyC.hubrisD.seniority

4、E.nepotism4.The stage was set for simmering hostility between the two sects, and the breakdown in -|_|-relations was hastened by the high-handed attitude of those 1 who had lost many of their ancestral privileges and lands.（分数：1.00）A.intemperateB.exogamousC.consanguineousD.amicableE.idiosyncratic5.O

5、n the face of it, the plan under consideration is -|_|-. and indeed, has already sparked protests from several prominent politicians, who argue that “hasty implementation“ could -|_|-the economy.（分数：1.00）A.hopeless boostB.appealing undermineC.contentious inflameD.draconian damageE.suspect radicalize

6、6.In the business world, there is great antagonism over the high level of insecurity and corruption that result from bureaucracy s -|_|-ways, and a feeling that it would unfortunately be -|_|-to reform them.（分数：1.00）A.dilatory . futileB.methodical . difficultC.efficient . dangerousD.malingering . an

7、titheticalE.repugnant . obtuse7.In view of the fact that his enemies knew him as cheerful, his allies exhorted him, as a matter of self-preservation, to -|_|-himself as taciturn.（分数：1.00）A.disguiseB.transformC.admitD.considerE.recognize二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Disease is a fluid concept influenced

8、by societal and cultural attitudes that change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and Live as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classify diseases into s

9、eparate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease f

10、or which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the gen

11、es involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of “positive“ and “negative“ symptoms. Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social, financial, and physical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may le

12、ad to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positiveit does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or r

13、esulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurersbut it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be consid

14、ered synonymous with disease. Two schools nominalist and essentialist or reductionisthave debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while essent

15、ialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality. It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those

16、defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality), for the former describes a state that places individuals at some definable risk of adverse consequences, while the lat

17、ter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic counseling of family members or the ef

18、fective treatment of the patient. （分数：0.98）(1).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.revealing a commonly ignored distinctionB.proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical systemC.describing an way to resolve a taxonomical dilemmaD.assessing the success of a new t

19、axonomical methodE.predicting a change in future taxonomy(2).It can be inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960 to be an example of which of the following?（分数：0.14）A.A disease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been

20、 served well by modern methods of classificationB.A disease which has resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classificationC.A disease which satisfies modern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a traditi

21、onal methodD.A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern methodE.A disease which may be defined equally well by modern methods of classification as by traditional ones(3).It can be inferred that the author of the pass

22、age considers the application of the label “diseased“ to a patient to be -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.often inhumane and rarely necessaryB.unrelated to the actual study of disease taxonomyC.often necessary but undesirable in certain casesD.a superficial approach to the patients healthE.too difficult to be done

23、with accuracy(4).The author of the passage suggests that all of the following may be consequences of applying a pathological taxonomy to a diseased person EXCEPT -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.Easier access to health care for the victimB.Social discrimination against the victimC.Influence on the victims decision

24、to reproduceD.Helping to cure the victims conditionE.Complication of the victims ability to obtain insurance(5).According to the passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school“ cited in the third paragraph would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways?（分数：0.14）A.She would establish

25、what cures the fever, then compare the treatment with other successful treatments to classify the disease.B.She would wait until the disease appears in other patients, then classify it by establishing variations in their symptoms.C.She would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then

26、 classify it accordingly.D.She would isolate the bacteria or virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify it accordingly.E.She would describe the patients symptoms, compare them to patients who have had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.(6).Which of the follow

27、ing best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?（分数：0.14）A.It summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.B.It provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.C.It argues for a synt

28、hesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.D.It continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.E.It provides information that points to the eventual abandonment of a particular system of pathological taxonomy.(7).It can be inferred t

29、hat which of the following situations is likely to be most problematic to an adherent of the “essentialist“ method of pathological taxonomy?（分数：0.14）A.A patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsible for the symptoms has not been isolatedB.A patient suffering from lu

30、ng inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatmentsC.A patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remain unidentifiedD.A patient infected with a variety of bacteria that is known to cause two diseases wi

31、th dissimilar symptomsE.A case of a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two known diseases of different sourcesScientists have long sought the reasons for the relatively young age of the majority of Martian meteorites discovered on Earth in comparison with the age of Mars, an enigma exar

32、cebated by the fact that the Martian rocks were ejected Line by only six or seven separate impact events. Previous tests had predicted that driving meteorites to Earth would require a collision with an asteroid immense enough to make a crater 12-kilometers across, but because such huge impacts are e

33、xtremely infrequent, it was unlikely that enough of them could have occurred to explain our planets Martian meteorite collection. Now astronomer James Heads higher-resolution models demonstrate that collisions making craters only three kilometers across can jettison 10 million fragments, each about

34、10 centimeters across, into space, a distribution sufficient to cause some of them to be found on Earth. Sections of the planet covered by debris (thus likely to be made up of older terrain) would require larger and hence rarer impacts, and thus meteorites which reach Earth are predictably biased to

35、ward younger ages.Scientists have long sought the reasons for the relatively young age of the majority of Martian meteorites discovered on Earth in comparison with the age of Mars, an enigma exarcebated by the fact that the Martian rocks were ejected Line by only six or seven separate impact events.

36、 Previous tests had predicted that driving meteorites to Earth would require a collision with an asteroid immense enough to make a crater 12-kilometers across, but because such huge impacts are extremely infrequent, it was unlikely that enough of them could have occurred to explain our planets Marti

37、an meteorite collection. Now astronomer James Heads higher-resolution models demonstrate that collisions making craters only three kilometers across can jettison 10 million fragments, each about 10 centimeters across, into space, a distribution sufficient to cause some of them to be found on Earth.

38、Sections of the planet covered by debris (thus likely to be made up of older terrain) would require larger and hence rarer impacts, and thus meteorites which reach Earth are predictably biased toward younger ages.（分数：-1.00）(1).The passage is primarily concerned with_.（分数：-0.25）A.presenting an argume

39、nt to support a particular hypothesisB.suggesting an answer to a theoretical questionC.questioning the assumptions of a research projectD.criticizing experimental resultsE.explaining the origin of certain scientific data(2).According to the passage, astronomers studying Martian meteors discovered on

40、 Earth were perplexed by them for which of the following reasons?（分数：-0.25）A.The meteors found on Earth were too young to have originated from the impacts in question.B.The meteors found on Earth were too old to be easily dated.C.Not enough impact events have been recorded in recent history to expla

41、in how any young meteors would have reached the Earth.D.Impacts on Mars have been so small that scientists question how any meteors have reached the earth.E.The age distribution of meteors found on Earth was inexplicably based toward youth.(3).The passage suggests that which of the following is true

42、 concerning the probability that a given collision on Mars would eject fragments that will hit the Earth?（分数：-0.25）A.The probability is higher if the impact produces a crater larger than three kilometers.B.The probability is lower if the impact produces a crater smaller than three kilometers.C.The p

43、robability is decreased when the impact comes from an area of Mars covered by debris.D.The probability is decreased when the fragments produced by the impact are larger than 10 centimeters.E.The probability is decreased when the fragments produced by the impact are younger.(4).Which of the following

44、, if true, would cast most doubt on the conclusions drawn from Heads higher-resolution models?（分数：-0.25）A.The results of geographical survey prove that no crater larger than twelve kilometers exists on the surface of Mars.B.Fragments from smaller impact events on Mars are highly unlikely to survive

45、entry through the Earths atmosphere.C.The velocity of rocks escaping from Mars gravity is greater when they have been loosened by a large impact.D.Huge impacts on Mars are proven to be less rare than was previously thought.E.A double-succession of large impacts is found to have occurred on Mars in a

46、 relatively short period of time.四、SECTION 3(总题数：9，分数：9.00)8.SCORNFUL: SNEER : :（分数：1.00）A.saturnine: groanB.distressed: rejoiceC.provoked: winkD.embarrassed: blushE.bewildered: wail9.SCRUTINIZE: ADMIRE : :（分数：1.00）A.imprison: hostB.forewarn: rageC.vacillate: resolveD.duplicate: imitateE.impel: push

47、10.FISH: SCALES : :（分数：1.00）A.limb: skinB.foot: toeC.vertebrate: backboneD.insect: exoskeletonE.branch: stem11.FROWN: VEXATION : :（分数：1.00）A.dismiss: goodwillB.disable: recoveryC.wince: injuryD.maneuver: operationE.soothe: irritation12.CONTRACT: AGREEMENT : :（分数：1.00）A.suspension: struggleB.work: al

48、legianceC.subpoena: writD.feat: lawyerE.license: property13.COMMENCEMENT: ADJOURNMEN : :（分数：1.00）A.sapphire: fissureB.signal: frequencyC.lasso: spliceD.activity: dormancyE.rule: rebellion14.FLAX: LINEN : :（分数：1.00）A.cinder: coalB.clay: chinaC.bar: goldD.mud: depositE.porcelain: mosaic15.ARTLESS: GUI

49、LE : :（分数：1.00）A.moribund: amicabilityB.philistine: sophisticationC.invincible: enmityD.dedicated: cunningE.mighty: weakness16.CRUISELINER: SKIFF : :（分数：1.00）A.van: sedanB.nebula: starC.missile: dartD.toe: footE.item: catalogue五、SECTION 4(总题数：11，分数：11.00)17.INHIBITOR:（分数：1.00）A.responseB.dissolventC.sour substanceD.catalystE.amalgam18.PERSE