大学四级-15及答案解析.doc

1、大学四级-15 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.描述一下你在公共场所所亲眼目睹的扒窗事件； 2谴责这种不文明行为； 3在构建和谐社会进程中，人人都应该有正义感。 BPick pocketing/B（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)BDirections:/B IIn this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on

2、 Answer Sheet 1.For questions 17, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).For questions 810, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage./IBAlcoholism/BIn the Unite States alone, alcoholism affects millions of people and costs the country billions o

3、f dollars each year.BWhat is Alcoholism?/BPeople who drink regularly enough to affect their family or work responsibilities and who drink in a way that puts them in dangerous situations are said to abuse alcohol. Although they use alcohol in an unhealthy way, people who suffer from alcohol abuse do

4、not necessarily develop a physical dependence upon alcohol.Alcoholics, on the other hand, have a chronic disease. They are physically dependent upon alcohol. They feel a need to drink, almost in the same way that most people feel the need to eat. And once alcoholics start drinking, they are unable t

5、o stop. They develop a tolerance to alcohol, requiring more and more drinks to feel the same effects. When an alcoholic tries to cut down or stop drinking, he or she experiences the symptoms of withdrawal: sweating, nausea, shakiness, anxiety and delirium tremens (震颤性谵妄).More than 17 million America

6、ns abuse alcohol or are alcoholics. Alcoholism affects men more than women: About 10 percent of men, compared to 3 to 5 percent of women, because alcoholics over the course of their lifetime. Alcoholism is more prevalent among youngster people than among older people.BHow Does Someone Become an Alco

7、holic?/BWhy is it that some people can drink socially and not become addicted while others become alcoholics? The reason has to do with a combination of genetic, physiological, psychological and social factors.Genes may be an important factor triggering the development of alcoholism. Researchers has

8、 indicated that children of alcoholics arc four times more likely to become alcoholics themselves; and while this statistic is at least partly due to environmental factors, scientists have determined that there is a genetic link.Physiologically, alcohol alters the balance of chemicals in the brain.

9、It affects chemicals in the brains reward center. The body eventually craves alcohol to restore pleasurable feelings and avoid negative feelings. People who already suffer from high stress or psychological problems such as low self-esteem and depression are at higher risk for developing alcoholism.S

10、ocial factors such as peer pressure, advertising and environment also play an important role in the development of alcoholism. Young people often start drinking because their friends are doing so. Beer and liquor ads on television tend to portray drinking as a glamorous, exciting pastime.BWhat Happe

11、ns When You Drink?/BWhen you take a drink, about 20 percent of the alcohol is absorbed in your stomach; the remaining 80 percent is absorbed in your small intestine. How quickly the alcohol is absorbed depends upon, the concentration of the alcohol in the drink and whether youve just eaten a big mea

12、l. A full stomach will stow down alcohol absorption.After the alcohol is absorbed, it caters your bloodstream and is carried throughout your body. As the alcohol acts upon the body, the body is simultaneously working to remove it. The kidneys and lungs remove about 10 percent of the alcohol in the u

13、rine and the breath. The liver breaks down the rest of the alcohol into acetic acid (醋酸).After just a few drinks, the physical effects of alcohol become apparent. These effects are related to the blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The BAC goes up when the body is taking in alcohol faster than it can

14、 release it.BAlcohol and the Brain/BAlcohol affects brain chemistry by altering levels of neurotransmitters (精神传递素), Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit the signals throughout the body that control thought processes, behavior and emotions.In the short term, alcohol can cause blac

15、koutsshort-term memory lapses in which people forget what occurred over entire stretches of time. The long-term effects on the brain can be even more damaging.Long-term drinking can leave permanent damage, causing the brain to shrink and leading to deficiencies in the fibers that carry information b

16、etween brain cells. Many alcoholics develop a condition called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and experience mental confusion and lack of coordination, and they may also have memory and learning problems.The body responds to the continual introduction of alcohol by coming to rely on it. This dependence

17、 causes long-term, debilitating (衰弱) changes in brain chemistry. The brain accommodates for the regular presence of alcohol by altering neurotransmitter production. But when the person stops or dramatically reduces his or her drinking, within 24 to 72 hours the brain goes into what is known as withd

18、rawal as it tries to readjust its chemistry. Symptoms of withdrawal include disorientation, hallucinations (幻觉), delirium tremens(DTs), nausea, sweating and seizures.BAlcohol and the Rest of the Body/BOver time, alcohol can inflict serious damage on other body parts as welt.Liver: The liver is parti

19、cularly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol because it is the organ in which alcohol and other toxins are metabolized (broken down into less harmful substances to be removed from the body). Drinking over a long period can lead to alcoholic hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver. Symptoms of this c

20、ondition include nausea, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, abdominal pain and jaundice (a yellowing of the skin).Heart: Because alcohol lowers blood pressure, the heart overcompensates, and the heart muscle can eventually become damaged as a result. Prolonged drinking increases the risks for heart

21、disease, high blood pressure and certain kinds of stroke.Stomach: Alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach and intestines, causing vomiting, nausea and eventually ulcers.Cancer: Research indicates that long-term drinking increases the risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, larynx and esophagus.The

22、 effects of alcohol are even more marked in adults over 65, because their bodies dont metabolize alcohol as well as those of younger adults. Women also have more difficulty metabolizing alcohol than men, because they are typically smaller and lighter in weight.Treatment for AlcoholismIn the Unites S

23、tates, approximately 2 million people get help each year for alcoholism. Alcoholism treatment may include:Detoxification: This involves abstaining from alcohol in order to get alcohol completely out of a persons system, and it takes anywhere from four to seven days.Pharmaceuticals: People can take d

24、rugs such as disulfiram or naltrexone to prevent a relapse once theyve stopped drinking. In 2004, the U. S. Food if not, he starves indifferently. Why be concerned? U U 9 /U /U. Contemplation is his joy and he achieves it through a fantastically demanding discipline, U U 10 /U /U.Is he a happy man?

25、Perhaps his happiness is only another sort of illusion. But who can take it from him? And who will dare sayU U 11 /U /U. （分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、BPart Reading (总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、BSection A/B(总题数：1，分数：90.00)BDirections:/B IIn this section

26、, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding

27、letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. UYou may not use any of the words in the bank more than once./U/IMore than forty women have been killed in the war in Iraq. Hundreds of others have beenU U 1 /U /U. The war began in March of 2003. TwoU U 2 /U /Upublished b

28、ooks tell two different stories of women who served in Iraq.One is by Janis Karpinski. She was the Army general whoU U 3 /U /Umilitary police at prisons in Iraq. These included the Army Reserve soldiers whoU U 4 /U /Uthe Abu Ghraib Prison near Baghdad.Some have received prisonU U 5 /U /Ufor mistreat

29、ing prisoners at Abu Ghraib. Miz Karpinski became the highest-level officer to be punished in connection with theU U 6 /U /U. She left the service in July after being reduced from a brigadier general (准将) to a colonel (上校).Her book is called “One Womans Army: The Commanding General of Abu Ghraib Tel

30、ls Her Story.“ Miz Karpinski says she was unfairly blamed for conditions beyond her control. She also tells of her difficulties as a rising womanU U 7 /U /Uin the Army.Another former member of the Army, Kayla Williams, wrote a book called “Love My Rifle More Than You.“ The name is taken from aU U 8

31、/U /Usong. Miz Williams was an Arabic translator in Iraq. She says her book describes what it is like to be young andU U 9 /U /Uin the Army. One famousU U 10 /U /Ucalled it “a frank, shocking and honest look at life in the military.“A. abused F. case K) marchingB. female G. commanded L) simplyC. wou

32、nded H) soldier M) guardedD. officer I) reviewer N) beautifulE. treatments J) recently O) sentences（分数：90.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_九、BSection B/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十、BPassage One/B(总题数：1，分数：44.50)Our real American foods have come from our soil and have bee

33、n used by many groupsthose who already lived here and those who have come here to live. The Native Americans already had developed an interesting cuisine using the abundant foods that were so prevalent.The influence that the English had upon our national eating habits is easy to sec. They were a tou

34、gh lot, those English, and they ate in a tough manner. They wiped their mouths on the tablecloth, if there happened to be one, and they ate until you would expect them to burst. European travelers to this country in those days were most often shocked by American eating habits, which included too muc

35、h fat and too much salt and too much liquor. Not much has changed! And, the Revolutionists refused to use the fork since it marked them as Europeans. The fork was not absolutely common on the American dinner table until about the time of the Civil War, the 1860s. Those English were a tough lot.Other

36、 immigrant groups added their own touches to the preparation of our New World food products. The groups that came still have a special sense of self-identity through their ancestral heritage, but they see themselves as Americans. This special self-identity through your ancestors who came from other

37、lands was supposed to disappear in this country. The term melting pot was first used in reference to America in the late 1700s, so this belief that we would all become the same has been with us for a long time. Thank goodness it has never worked. The various immigrant groups continue to add flavor t

38、o the pot, all right, but you can pick out the individual flavors easily.The largest ancestry group in America is the English. There are more people in America who claim to have come from English blood than there are in England. But is their food English? Thanks be to God, it is not! The second larg

39、est group is the Germans, then the Irish, the Afro-Americans, the French, the Italians, the Scottish, and the Polish. The Mexican and American Indian groups are all smaller than any of the above, though they were the original cooks in this country.（分数：44.50）(1).Which of the following statements is n

40、early identical in meaning with the sentence “they ate until you would expect them to burst“ in the second paragraph? A. You bet they would never stop to eat till they are full. B. What you can expect is that they would not stop eating unless there was no more food, C. The only thing you would expec

41、t is that they wouldnt stop eating till they had had enough of the food. D. The only thing is that they wouldnt stop eating till they felt sick.（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements is Not true? A. English people had bad table manners. B. American food was exclusively unique in its

42、flavors and varieties. C. American diet contained a lot of fat, salt and liquor. D. Europeans were not at all accustomed to the American way of eating.（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(3).The authors attitude towards American food is that _. A. American food is better than foods from other countries B. American foo

43、d is superior to European food C. European food had helped enrich the flavors and varieties of American food D. people from other countries could still identify from the American foods the foods that were unique to their countries（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(4).Immigrant groups, when they got settled down in t

44、he United States, still have had their own sense of self-identity because _. A. their foods are easily identified among all the foods Americans eat B. their foods stand out in sharp contrast to foods of other countries C. they know pretty well what elements of American food are of their own countrie

45、s origin D. they know pretty well how their foods contribute to American cuisine（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following statements is true? A. People from other cultures or nations start to lose their self-identity once they get settled down in America. B. The “melting pot“ is supposed to melt a

46、ll the foods but in reality it doesnt. C. The special sense of self-identity of people from other countries cant be maintained once they become Americans. D. The “melting pot“ finds it capable of melting all the food traditions into the American tradition.（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.十一、BPassage Two/B(总题数：1，分数：

47、44.50)Everyone must have had at least one personal experience with a computer error by this time. Bank balances are suddenly reported to have jumped from $ 379 into the millions, appeals for charitable contributions are mailed over and over to people with crazy sounding names at your address, department stores send the wrong bills, u