大学四级-44及答案解析.doc

1、大学四级-44 及答案解析(总分：713.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.近年来，在全民炒股的热潮下，在校大学生也参与了进来2. 在校生炒股利弊3. 你的看法或建议On College Students Participation in the Stock Market_（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and an

2、swer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D ). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The Laws of NatureThe phrase “A law of Nature“ is probably rarer in modern scientific

3、writing than was the case some generations ago. This is partly due to a very natural objection to the use of the word “law“ in two different senses. Human societies have laws. In primitive societies there is no distinction between law and custom. Some things are done, others are not. This is regarde

4、d as part of the nature of things, and generally as an unalterable fact. If customs change, the change is too slow to be observed. Later on kings and prophets could promulgate (公布) new laws, but there was no way of revoking old ones. The Greek democracies made the great and revolutionary discovery t

5、hat a community could consciously make new laws and repeal old ones. So for us a human law is something which is valid only over a certain number of people for a certain period of time.Laws of Nature, however, are not commands but statements of facts. The use of the same word is unfortunate. It woul

6、d be better to speak of uniformities of Nature. This would do away with the elementary fallacy (谬论) that a law implies a law-giver. Incidentally, it might just as well imply a parliament or soviet of atoms. But the difference between the two uses of the word is fundamental. If a piece of matter does

7、 not obey a law of Nature it is not punished. On the contrary, we say that the law has been incorrectly stated, It is quite probable that every law of Nature so far stated has been stated incorrectly. Certainly many of them have. Nevertheless, these inaccurately stated laws are of immense practical

8、and theoretical value.They fall into two classes qualitative laws such as “All animals with feathers have beaks“, and quantitative laws such as “Mercury (汞) has 13,596 times the density of water“ (at 0 and 1 atmospheres pressure). The first of these is a very good guide. But it was probably not true

9、 in the past. For many birds which were certainly feathered had teeth and may not have had beaks. And it is quite possibly not today. There are about a hundred thousand million birds on our planet, and it may well be that two or three of them are freaks (怪胎) which have not developed a beak. But have

10、 lived long enough to grow feathers. It was thought tobe a law of Nature that female mammals (defined as warm-blooded vertebrates with hair) had mammary glands, until Prof. Crew of Edinburgh found that many congenitally hairless female mice lacked these organs, though they could bear young which oth

11、er females could then foster.And quantitative laws generally turn out to be inexact. Thus water is nothing definite. It is a mixture of at least six different substances. For in the molecule H2O, one or both of the hydrogen atoms may be either light or heavy, and so may the oxygen atom. Similarly, m

12、ercury consists of several different types of atom. Thus the ratio of the densities of mercury and water is not fixed, though in the case of ordinary samples the variation is too small to be detected. But it can be detected if the water happens to have been taken from an accumulator which has been u

13、sed for some time.In his Theory of Probability (Oxford, 1939) Jeffreys has something new to say about induction. Two contradictory theories are in vogue as to the laws of Nature. The older view is that they are absolute, though of course they may have been inaccurately formulated. The extreme positi

14、vistic view, enunciated by Vaihinger, is that we can only say that phenomena occur as if certain laws held. There is no sense in making any definite statements, though it is convenient to do so.Now Jeffreys points out that, if a number of observations have been found to conform to a law, it is highl

15、y probable that the next one will do so whether the law is true or not. In Jeffreys words: “A well-verified hypothesis will probably continue to lead to correct inferences (推论) even if it is wrong. “Positivists (实证主义者) and idealists (唯心主义者) have made great play with the fact that many laws of Nature

16、 as formulated by scientists, have turned out to be inexact, and all may do so. But that is absolutely no reason for saying that there are no regularities in Nature to which our statements of natural law correspond. One might as well say that because no maps of England give its shape exactly it has

17、 to shape.What is remarkable about the laws of Nature is the accuracy of simple approximations. One might see a hundred thousand men before finding an exception to the rule that all men have two ears, and the same is true for many of the laws of physics. In some cases we can see why. The universe is

18、 organized in aggregates (总数), with, in many cases, pretty wide gaps between them. Boyles law that the density of a gas is proportional to its pressure, and Charles law that the volume is proportional to the temperature, would be exact if gas molecules were points which had no volume and did not att

19、ract one another. These laws are very nearly true for gases at ordinary temperatures and pressures, because the molecules occupy only a small part of the space containing the gas, and are close enough to attract one another only during a very small part of any interval of time. Similarly, most of th

20、e stars are far enough apart to be treated as points without much error when we are considering their movements.And most men manage to protect themselves from injury so far as is needed to keep both ears. Whereas trees cannot protect themselves from the loss of branches. It is very rare to see a com

21、pletely unmutilated, and therefore completely regular, tree. Mendels laws, according to which two types occur in a ratio of 1:1 in some cases and 3:1 in others, are theoretically true if the processes of division of cell nuclei (原子核) are quite regular, and if neither type is unfit so as to die off b

22、efore counts are made. The first condition never holds, and the second probably never does. But the exceptions to the first condition are very rare. In one particular case a critical division goes wrong about one in ten thousand times. The effect of this on a 1:1 ratio or 3:1 ratio could be detected

23、 only by counting several hundred million plants or animals. Differences in relative fitness are more important. But even so the Mendelian ratios are sometimes fulfilled with extreme accuracy, and are generally a good rough guide.Jeffreys points out that in such cases it is often much better to stic

24、k to the theoretical law rather than the observed data. For example, if you are breeding silver foxes and a new color variety occurs which, if crossed to the normal, gives 13 normal and 10 of the new color, you are much more likely to get a ratio of about 1:1 than13:10 if you go on with such matings

25、 even though if you breed many thousands the 1:1 ratio will not hold exactly. The mathematical theory which Jeffreys has developed concerning such cases is particularly beautiful, but can hardly be summarized here.（分数：70.00）(1).Laws of nature differ from human laws in that _. A. the former are stat

26、ements of facts while the latter are commands B. the former have never been incorrectly stated C. the latter are valid only over certain people for some time D. the former state unalterable facts（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The statement that atoms in the molecule H2O may be light or heavy is a sample of _.

27、 A. quantitative laws B. qualitative laws C. both quantitative laws and qualitative laws D. neither quantitative laws nor qualitative laws（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is the extreme positivistic view? A. Mercury consists of different types of atom. B. There are no regularities in Natu

28、re. C. We can only say that phenomena occur as if certain law held. D. There is no sense in making any definite statements.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following are nearly true for gases at ordinary temperatures and pressures? A. Laws of nature. B. Laws of physics. C. Positive law and idealist

29、ic law. D. Charles law and Boyles law.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Ordinarily, gas molecules are so close that they attract one another _. A. for a short time B. permanently C. for a long time D. temporarily（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).Why is it rare to see a completely unmutilated and completely regular tree? A. B

30、ecause they are unfit so as to die off before counts are made. B. Because they cannot protect themselves from loss of branches. C. Because they are chopped down irregularly. D. Because they cannot survive severe weather conditions.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).If silver foxes are bred and a new color variety

31、 occurs which, when crossed to the normal, gives 13 normal and 10 of the new color, one is likely to get a rate of _. A. 13:13 B. 10:10 C. 13:10 D. 1:1（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8).Compared with human laws, laws of nature are accurate because they are expressed in the form of _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).In conside

32、ring the movements of stars, scientists can treat them as points because of the _ among them.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10)._ laws can serve as good guides.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BSection A/B(总题数：4，分数：105.00)Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long

33、conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide

34、which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.（分数：35.00）(1). A. She is too busy to go. B. She doesnt want to wait long. C. She is willing to go dancing. D. She enjoys working for the Students Union.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. He dis

35、likes Advanced Mathematics but has to study it. B. His interest in Advanced Mathematics is very strong. C. He will take Advanced Mathematics, for it is appealing to him. D. He doesnt want to take Advanced Mathematics.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Most netizens are addicted. B. She does not trust the Inte

36、rnet. C. The Internet is dangerous to people. D. People should pay more attention to net addiction.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. Shed rather do another puzzle. B. She is eager to do the puzzle. C. Shed like a chance to solve the puzzle. D. Shes not so good at jig-saw puzzles as the man.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(

37、5). A. She wants to be back soon. B. She doesnt want to be late for the train. C. She doesnt want to forget to bring her handbag. D. She wants to make an early call.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：21.00）(1). A. The woman will stay at home tonight. B. The woman will see the man again next week. C. The woman wil

38、l finish the assignment with the man. D. The woman will go to the movie tonight.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. She is a teacher. B. She is a reporter. C. She is a student. D. She is a printing press owner.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. He finds it fascinating. B. He finds it dull. C. He thinks it too long to se

39、e through. D. He takes a little interest in the film.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：28.00）(1). A. At school. B. At the library. C. At the cafeteria. D. At a shop.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Sociology and the Modern Age. B. Sociology Notebook.

40、C. Sociology Reading List. D. Sociology and Society.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Because it is not on the shelves. B. Because one student removed it from the library. C. Because the professor placed it on reserve. D. Because all students can read it.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. To meet the professor B. To t

41、alk with other students C. To the dormitory D. To the reserve room（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：21.00）(1). A. She is a little worried. B. She lost her purse. C. She left some money in the cinema. D. She is leaving soon.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2)

42、 A. Bills B. Identity cards C. Photos D. Visa（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. He is going to turn to the police for help. B. He is going to put an advertisement in the local newspaper. C. He is going to ask his grandmother to go for an inquiry. D. He is going to search the cinema thoroughly for the wallet.

43、分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four

44、choices marked A), B), C) and D ). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：28.00）(1). A. Animals extraordinary ability to predict weather. B. Some old ways of weather pr

45、edicting. C. The wisdom of ancient people. D. Why we should pay more respect to animals.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. By observing behaviors of animals and insects. B. By observing the appearance of clouds, the sun and the moon. C. By observing growing plants. D. By carefully observing nature around them

46、分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Because human beings are close to nature. B. Because city dwellers have no other ways of predicting weather. C. Because the senses of human beings are not so useful as those of animals. D. Because human beings do not depend on their senses to learn about weather as much as

47、animals do.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. By observing hibernating and migrating animals. B. By observing squirrels gathering their food supply of nuts. C. By observing the migrating birds gather. D. By observing the falling leaves.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.00）(1). A. The central idea or information one means to convey. B. The idea or information in ones thinking. C. The piece of information at the centre of ones writing. D. The attitude of ones spoken comments.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Americans are r