大学四级-1149及答案解析.doc

1、大学四级-1149 及答案解析(总分：713.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.许多人认为电子邮件将会取代传统书信2. 也有人对此持不同意见3. 你的观点Will E-mail Replace Hand-written Letter?（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Do Clean Smell Encourage Clean BehaviorYears ago, social scientists introduced the broken-windows theory

2、of crime control, which assumed that if a neighborhood looked orderly and cared forwith no broken windowspotential wrongdoers would be dissuaded from committing crimes there. Now psychologists have proposed a similar theory, which suggests that people can be induced to behave morally when their envi

3、ronment smells as clean as it looks.Its the Macbeth principle of morality, says Katie Liljenquist, professor of organizational leadership at Brigham Young Universitys Marriott School of Management and lead author of the new study, to be published in Psychological Science. “There is a strong link bet

4、ween moral and physical purity that people associate at a core level. People feel contaminated (受污染的) by immoral choices and try to wash away their sins,“ says Liljenquist. “To some degree, washing actually is effective in relieving guilt. What we wondered was whether you could regulate ethical beha

5、vior through cleanliness. We found that we could. “In two separate experiments, researchers were able to influence participants behavior by exposing them to “cleanliness“ in the form of a common cleaning agents smellin this case, orange-scented Windex (清新剂). It turned out that people who sat in a ro

6、om sprayed with Windex were more likely to act fairly and charitably than those in unscented air.The first experiment involved an anonymous game of trust. The 28 study participants were told they would be “receivers,“ with whom a group of anonymous “senders“ had been instructed to invest money. Part

7、icipants were told that each sender had been given $ 4 and told that any part of it invested with receivers would be tripled. The job of the receiver, then, was to decide what portion of the dividends to return to the sender.In reality, there was no sender, and each study participant received $12, m

8、aking it seem as though the senders had entrusted them with the full $ 4 they had been given. But would the receivers return that trust or exploit their unidentified investors? On average, those in the plain-smelling room returned $2.5 to the sender, pocketing the lions share of the money. But those

9、 bathed in the scent of Windex sent back an average of $ 5.5, returning the senders blind faith.The scientists insist they didnt overdo it with the Windex, just a few spritzes(喷)so we can get. rid of brain-cell death or poisoning-induced generosity as reasons why those receivers gave back so much of

10、 the stolen property. Rather, Liljenquist says, “a moral awareness was awakened in a clean-smelling environment. “In the second experiment, researchers aimed to manipulate peoples tendency toward charity. Ninety-nine participants were assigned to either a Windex-scented room or a neutral-smelling ro

11、om and given a packet of tasks to complete. Included in the packet was a flyer requesting volunteers and donations to the charity Habitat for Humanity. As expected, people in the Windex-sprayed room were more inclined to volunteer and give money than those in the unscented room22% of those in the cl

12、ean group said they wanted to donate money, compared with 6% of the controls.According to co-author Adam Galinsky, a social psychologist at Northwestern Universitys Kellogg School of Management, society relies on incentives(刺激，动机), in the form of rewards and punishments, to encourage people to adjus

13、t to certain standards of behavior. “Economists and even psychologists havent been paying much attention to the fact that small changes in our environment can have dramatic effects on behavior. We underemphasize these subtle environmental cues,“ he says.Liljenquist says the real-life implications of

14、 the study could be as simple as an office investing more in janitorial supplies (清洁用品) than in expensive investigation equipment to keep workers in line. Other researchers suggest, however, that perhaps it wasnt the clean smell that made people more virtuous in the new study, but rather the smell o

15、f orange; that is, people may have behaved better because they smelled something they liked, rather than something “clean.“ “It could be simply that a positive smell creates a positive mood, which encourages positive behavior. You cannot conclude it is cleanliness of itself,“ says Brown University p

16、sychologist Rachel Herz, author of The Scent of Desire. To rule out the contradictory factor of good smells, she says, the studys authors could have added a third room to the experiment scented with recently baked chocolate chip cookies, for example.Nevertheless, both morality researchers and olfact

17、ory(嗅觉的) scientists agree that people do strongly associate physical cleanliness with purity of conscience. It is the notion at the heart of proverbs like “cleanliness is next to godliness“ and evidenced by the widespread use of cleansing ceremonies to wash away sins in various religions around the

18、world. (Truth be told, that practice is merely a reckoning of an evolutionary strategy to avoid disease.)For their part, Liljenquist and Galinsky say they controlled for the good-mood effect by giving participants in the second experiment a mood-screening questionnaire. They also say their results a

19、re consistent with existing written material on cleanliness and morality. For instance, in one of Liljenquists earlier studies, she found, among other things, that cleaning hands after writing about a moral violation made people feel less guilty about it. Other researchers have also tackled the issu

20、e of morality and smell, but from the opposite end of the scope. A paper published last year in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin revealed that people are more critical and judgmental about certain moral issues when exposed to the vapors of a smelly-scented spray.Yes, a smelly-scented s

21、pray is a commercially available product. By the way, according to a psychologist who has worked with it in experiments, it is nearly impossible to get rid of it.Orange-scented Windex certainly makes for a nicer lab environment, which perhaps has something to do with Liljenquists continued interest

22、in this line of study. “Research on how to stay on the moral high ground and promote virtue,“ she says, “is something I find refreshing. /（分数：70.00）(1).The broken-windows theory of crime control assumed that if a neighborhood is well managed, _.（分数：7.00）A.potential wrongdoers would be dissuaded from

23、 breaking windows.B.psychologist would suggest people behave morally.C.it is less likely that people would commit crime there.D.it would smei1 as clean as it looks.(2).According to the Macbeth principle of morality, washing is a way to _.（分数：7.00）A.show strong link between moral and physical purity.

24、B.get rid of things which are contaminated.C.relieve guiltD.regulate ethical behavior(3).How much did the people in the plain-smelling room pocket during the experiment?（分数：7.00）A.$4.B.$9.5.C.$2.5.D.$5.5.(4).Why did the scientists scent the room with only a few sprays of Windex in the experiment?（分数

25、7.00）A.Because they wanted to rule out of other explanations for peoples behavior.B.Because they didnt want the subjects to notice the smell.C.Because Windex are poisonous.D.Because they would like to keep the room clean.(5).What did Adam Galinsky believe?（分数：7.00）A.People should get reward to be e

26、ncouraged to behave wellB.Our behavior would be greatly influenced by changes in our environment.C.Economists and psychologists hadnt been paying much attention to the smell changes.D.People often neglected environment changes.(6).According to Liljenquist, what is the implication of the study?（分数：7.

27、00）A.People should buy more janitorial supplies.B.People should not invest in expensive investigation.C.People should use more Windex.D.People should make the environment much cleaner.(7).Whats the flaw of the experiment according to Rachel Herz?（分数：7.00）A.It should have added a third room with oran

28、ge smell.B.It should have used chocolate cookies smell instead of Windex spray.C.It didnt exclude the factor of good smell from clean smell.D.It didnt provide the subjects with chocolate cookies.(8).According to scientists, many people believe that physical cleanliness is trongly linked to _.（分数：7.0

29、0）填空项 1:_(9).One of Liljenquists study showed that if people clean hands after writing about a moral violation, they would feel _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).A paper published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin revealed that when people are exposed to smelly scent, they will be more _.（分数：7.

30、00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)A.He can count on his friends for help.B.His friend will not help him at all.C.He can ask for help from his friend.D.Everyone in his class can help him.A.ExcitedB.Embarrassed.C.Worried.D.Relieved.A.Surprise visits are acceptabl

31、e among close friends.B.Surprise visits are not welcome even among close friends.C.People expect even their close friends to call them before their visits.D.Dropping in on your friends is considered good manners.A.Animals will soon be allowed in Mr. Smiths building.B.Mr. Smith is allergic to dogs.C.

32、She also plans to get a pet.D.Mr. Smith will get a lift to his apartment from a friend.A.The woman doesnt need to join the chess club.B.The woman needs lots of time to play chess.C.Hes not a very good chess player himself.D.Hes willing to teach the woman how to play chess.A.Because he is wearing jew

33、elry.B.Because he has keys in his pocket.C.Because he has a mental plate in his bag.D.Because he has a steel plate in his body.A.The man was stuck in a heavy traffic.B.There is something wrong with the mans car.C.The man always makes excuses for his being late.D.The man got an irritating headache.A.

34、Taking a short break.B.Helping each other with the assignment.C.Gathering more information from other students they know.D.Asking a professor for help.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.She hasnt seen her friend for years.B.She worries about her friends

35、health.C.She worries her daughters health.D.She worries about her daughters studyA.She only focuses on fashion and boys.B.She only focuses on her study.C.She only focuses on her father.D.She only focuses on her mother.A.Taught her English herself.B.Went to talk with her teacher.C.Signed up for a lan

36、guage training class for her.D.Talked with her friend.A.Talk with her teacher.B.Talk with her friend.C.Talk with her classmates.D.Talk with her father.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.On TV.B.By herself.C.In the directory.D.On the internet.A.24 hours a

37、 day.B.11:00 p.m.C.6:30 a.m.D.9:00 a.m.A.In the hotel.B.In the hairdresser near the hotel.C.In the hairdressers in the downtown.D.At the front counter.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.The Latino and black students.B.The

38、 black and poor students.C.The black and Asian students.D.Many who are bored with their classes.A.About 55%.B.About 15%.C.About 50%.D.About 5%.A.Low expectations from educators.B.Teenager pregnancies.C.The students are bored with their classes.D.They become prisoners.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 ar

39、e based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.A Swedish company.B.A Russian company.C.An American company.D.A Chinese company.A.40.B.14.C.3.D.13.A.In three and a half years.B.In four and a half years.C.In four years.D.In three years.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage y

40、ou have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Gray or white.B.Brown or red.C.Red or yellow.D.Yellow or red.A.From 400 to 600 pounds.B.From 400 to 500 pounds.C.From 300 to 500 pounds.D.From 600 to 700 pounds.A.Leaves.B.Herbs.C.Fruit.D.Human.A.During mating season.B.Except during the mating season.C.All the year rou

41、nd.D.Only in spring.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)The United States government wants to know what the public thinks about its findings on the safety of (36) animals.The Food and Drug Administration says meat and milk from clones of adult cattle, pigs and goats are safe to eat. An FDA (37) called them “

42、as safe to eat as the food we eat every day.“And when those clones (38) sexually, the agency says, their (39) are safe to eat as well. But research on cloned sheep is limited. So the FDA (40) that sheep clones not be used for human food.The United States this year could become the first country to (

43、41) the sale of foods from cloned animals.First, however, the public will have ninety clays to (42) on three proposed documents. On December twenty-eighth the FDA released a long report, called a draft risk (43) , along with two policy documents.(44) . The FDA seemed ready to act several years ago,

44、but an advisory committee called for more research. (45) . Clones are still rare. They cost a lot and are difficult to produce. (46) Critics question the safety. Animal rights activists also have objections.（分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Part

45、 Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：1，分数：90.00)What is the single largest cause of sick leave in the UK? The answer is not the common cold or flu, but back pain. Back pain affects one in three British adults, costs the country over 5billion every year and is difficult to treat.But now Brita

46、ins National Health Service (NHS) will be offering a new (47) : acupuncture. The ancient Chinese needle therapy(疗法)has been around in the UK for many years, but this is the first time it has been (48) endorsed(批准) by the NHSs advisory body, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE).Tradi

47、tionally, doctors in the UK have advised back pain sufferers to stay (49) , do stretching exercises and take painkillers when necessary. In more serious cases some people are given X-ray (50) or injections. NICE, however, say there is evidence that acupuncture may be more (51) than expensive X-rays

48、or injections, so patients who have been suffering for over six weeks should be given a choice.As an (52) to acupuncture, patients will be able to opt for either a course of spinal manipulation (脊椎推拿), or a (53) of special exercise sessions. In the UK, acupuncture is classed as a complementary therapy, which is the term given to a medical procedure which hasnt been (54) to the strict trials by which scientists prove some treatments work.While many experts have (55) the move to make acupuncture