大学四级-166及答案解析.doc

1、大学四级-166 及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.50)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the necessity of observing traffic rules. You should w

2、rite at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. （分数：106.50）_二、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：4，分数：106.50)（分数：35.50）A.He enjoys phoning home every week.B.He never fails to phone home weekly.C.He phones home more often now.D.He has been asked to phone home every week.A.She has go

3、t an appointment.B.She has to go to school.C.She has to work.D.She wants to eat in a new restaurant.A.The teacher postponed the meeting.B.There won“t bean exam this afternoon.C.The students will be attending the meeting.D.The students will have a physical examination.A.On the whole, the woman liked

4、the film.B.The woman didn“t see the film.C.The film was very exciting.D.The film wasn“t as good as the woman“d expected.A.The man wants to go to Tokyo.B.The man wants to go to Shanghai.C.There are 4 flights to Tokyo for the rest of the day.D.There are two direct flights to Tokyo within the next 4 ho

5、urs.（分数：21.30）A.He went to see his cousin.B.He was held up in traffic.C.His car ran out of gas.D.He had a traffic accident.A.The woman should have finished her project by now.B.The woman should work on her work for one more week.C.The woman shouldn“t have spent a week on her project.D.The woman has

6、been working at a very slow pace.A.He got his two tickets back from Jim yesterday.B.He was fined for violating traffic rules twice.C.He was late for work because he went back twice.D.He didn“t see the sign because of the dim light.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

7、（分数：28.40）A.A lot of preparation is needed before doing real climbing.B.Rock-climbing is not dangerous if you are strong enough.C.The man has chosen the class of rock-climbing.D.The man likes rock-climbing very much.A.Hi-tech safety equipment ensures one“s safety.B.One is safe if he is very careful.

8、C.There are safety equipments prepared on the ground.D.A lot of people do rock-climbing and they are OK.A.She can make a lot of friends.B.She can learn mental discipline.C.She can get more familiar with the man.D.She can lose weight.A.Take a climbing trip.B.Tell the woman once he has made a decision

9、.C.Join the class.D.Join the class if the woman does.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.He hasn“t enough money to go where he wants.B.He wants to visit many places.C.His family have different ideas.D.He doesn“t know his likes and dislikes.A.He plans to

10、buy a new apartment.B.He is longing to spend his holiday in France.C.He wants to go fishing during the holiday.D.He doesn“t care how much money to spend.A.Frame tent.B.Sleeping bags.C.A tin opener.D.Nothing at all.四、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：21.30)Questions 16 to 18 are based on

11、 the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.Markets where birds like parrots are sold.B.Zoos where there are no experts to manage the birds.C.Owners who cannot handle their pets.D.Forests where birds get wounded.A.He likes changes in life.B.He wants the birds to enjoy more music.C.He tries to prev

12、ent the parrots imitating the tone.D.He is not sure which tone is the best.A.Restricting the number of visitors.B.Raising money for his expanding operation.C.Accumulating wealth for himself.D.Raising money to support his study.六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：21.30)Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage

13、you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.The Washington Federation of Teachers.B.The National Labor Union.C.The American Federation of Teachers.D.The Washington Labor Union.A.The influence from Asian countries.B.The growing competition from foreign students.C.The growing competition for entrance into top un

14、iversities.D.The teachers“ need of extra income from the tutoring.A.The Federal government.B.Students“ parents.C.The school administrators.D.The Teachers“ Association.七、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：28.40)Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：28.40）A.The changing of weather.B

15、.The health of teenagers.C.Energy drinks and their nutrition.D.The danger of energy drinks.A.Protein.B.Calcium.C.Zinc.D.Vitamin.A.Students and housewives.B.Athletes and trainers.C.Young people and busy people.D.Singers and teachers.A.Cautious.B.Supportive.C.Opposed.D.Relieved.八、Section C(总题数：1，分数：71

16、.00)Today we talk about the difference between a college and a university. Colleges and universities have a lot in common. They prepare young 1 for work. They provide a greater understanding of the world and its past. And they help students learn to 2 the arts and sciences. Students who attend eithe

17、r a college or a university 3 take four years to complete a program of study. But one difference is that many colleges do not offer additional study programs or support research 4 . Universities often are much larger than colleges. Universities 5 a lot of research. They offer more programs in differ

18、ent areas of study, for undergraduate and graduate students. 6 universities developed from those of the Middle Ages in Europe. The word “university“ came from the Latin “universitas“. This described a group of people organized for a common 7 . “College“ came from a Latin word with a similar meaning,

19、 “collegium“. In England, colleges were 8 to provide students with places to live. Usually each group was studying the same thing, so the word “college“ came to mean one area of study. Today, most American colleges offer an area of study called liberal arts. The liberal arts are subjects first devel

20、oped and taught in ancient Greece. They trained a person“s mind. They 9 different from subjects that were considered more 10 in everyday life. Another meaning of “college“ is a part of a university. The first American universities divided their studies into many areas and called each one a college.

21、This is still true. （分数：71.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_九、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十、Section A(总题数：1，分数：35.50)If you“re in charge of Christmas dinner, with all its interconnected tasks and challenges of timingwhen to preheat the oven whether to put

22、 the potatoes in before the eggswhy not write down every 1 that needs doing, in order, then do them, checking them off as you go? That can be very helpful. The Checklist Manifesto , written by the journalist and doctor Atul Gawande, shows the importance of checklist when hospital doctors are 2 to ti

23、ck off items on checklists as they carry out routine but critical procedures. In one trial, the rate of infections from intravenous (静脉内的) drips fell from 11% of all patients to zero 3 because staff were compelled to work through a checklist of no-brainer items, such as 4 their hands. A more recent

24、study, which included UK hospitals, suggested that wider use of checklists might 5 40% of deaths during treatment. Unlike in medicine, the 6 uses of checklists in everyday lifea list for holiday packing, for instance, aren“t usually matters of life and death. The idea of making a checklist is so stu

25、pidly obvious that it seems impossible it could have so 7 an effect. But the truth is that all life, not just medicine, is 8 complex; if highly trained intensive-care specialists can forget a 9 step, it“s sure that anyone might. Besides, the step-by-step structure of checklists can narrow your 10 to

26、 the next action. All you have to remember is to “do the next right thing“. Then the next, and the next. A. potential B. required C. crucial D. subject E. vast F. action G. washing H. prevent I. simply J. increasingly K. focus L. normally M. gradual N. request O. shaking（分数：35.50）十一、Section B(总题数：1，

27、分数：71.00)How science goes wrongScientific research has changed the world. Now it needs to change itself.A. A simple idea underlies science: “trust, but verify“. Results should always be subject to challenge from experiment. That simple but powerful idea has generated a vast body of knowledge. Since

28、its birth in the 17th century, modern science has changed the world beyond recognition, and overwhelmingly for the better. But success can breed extreme self-satisfaction. Modern scientists are doing too much trusting and not enough verifying, damaging the whole of science, and of humanity. B. Too m

29、any of the findings are the result of cheap experiments or poor analysis. A rule of thumb among biotechnology venture-capitalists is that half of published research cannot be replicated (复制). Even that may be optimistic. Last year researchers at one biotech firm, Amgen, found they could reproduce ju

30、st six of 53 “milestone“ studies in cancer research. Earlier, a group at Bayer, a drug company, managed to repeat just a quarter of 67 similarly important papers. A leading computer scientist worries that three-quarters of papers in his subfield are nonsense. In 2000-10, roughly 80,000 patients took

31、 part in clinical trials based on research that was later withdrawn because of mistakes or improperness. What a load of rubbish C. Even when flawed research does not put people“s lives at risk-and much of it is too far from the market to do soit blows money and the efforts of some of the world“s bes

32、t minds. The opportunity costs of hindered progress are hard to quantify, but they are likely to be vast And they could be rising. D. One reason is the competitiveness of science. In the 1950s, when modern academic research took shape after its successes in the Second World War, it was still a raref

33、ied (小众的) pastime. The entire club of scientists numbered a few hundred thousand. As their ranks have swelled to 6m-7m active researchers on the latest account, scientists have lost their taste for self-policing and quality control. The obligation to “publish or perish (消亡)“ has come to rule over ac

34、ademic life. Competition for jobs is cut-throat. Full professors in America earned on average $135,000 In 2012more than judges did. Every year six freshly minted PhDs strive for every academic post. Nowadays verification (the replication of other people“s results) does little to advance a researcher

35、“s career. And without verification, uncertain findings live on to mislead. E. Careerism also encourages exaggeration and the choose-the-most-profitable of results. In order to safeguard their exclusivity, the leading journals impose high rejection rates: in excess of 90% of submitted manuscripts. T

36、he most striking findings have the greatest chance of making it onto the page. Little wonder that one in three researchers knows of a colleague who has polished a paper by, say, excluding inconvenient data from results based on his instinct. And as more research teams around the world work on a prob

37、lem, it is more likely that at least one will fall prey to an honest confusion between the sweet signal of a genuine discovery and a nut of the statistical noise. Such fake correlations are often recorded in journals eager for startling papers. If they touch on drinking wine, or letting children pla

38、y video games, they may well command the front pages of newspapers, too. F. Conversely, failures to prove a hypothesis (假设) are rarely even offered for publication, let alone accepted. “Negative results“ now account for only 14% of published papers, down from 30% in 1990. Yet knowing what is false i

39、s as important to science as knowing what is true. The failure to report failures means that researchers waste money and effort exploring blind alleys already Investigated by other scientists. G. The holy process of peer review is not all it is praised to be, either. When a prominent medical journal

40、 ran research past other experts in the field, it found that most of the reviewers failed to spot mistakes it had deliberately inserted into papers, even after being told they were being tested. If it“s broke, fix it H. All this makes a shaky foundation for an enterprise dedicated to discovering the

41、 truth about the world. What might be done to shore it up? One priority should be for all disciplines to follow the example of those that have done most to tighten standards. A start would be getting to grips with statistics, especially in the growing number of fields that screen through untold crow

42、ds of data looking for patterns. Geneticists have done this, and turned an early stream of deceptive results from genome sequencing (基因组测序) into a flow of truly significant ones. I. Ideally, research protocols (草案) should be registered In advance and monitored in virtual notebooks. This would curb t

43、he temptation to manipulate the experiment“s design midstream so as to make the results look more substantial than they are. (It is already meant to happen in clinical trials of drugs.) Where possible, trial data also should be open for other researchers to inspect and test. J. The most enlightened

44、journals are already showing less dislike of tedious papers. Some government funding agencies, including America“s National Institutes of Health, which give out $30 billion on research each year, are working out how best to encourage replication. And growing numbers of scientists, especially young o

45、nes, understand statistics. But these trends need to go much further. Journals should allocate space for “uninteresting“ work, and grant-givers should set aside money to pay for it. Peer review should be tightenedor perhaps dispensed with altogether, in favour of post-publication evaluation in the f

46、orm of appended comments. That system has worked well in recent years in physics and mathematics. Lastly, policymakers should ensure that institutions using public money also respect the rifles. K. Science still commands enormousif sometimes perplexedrespect. But its privileged status is founded on

47、the capacity to be right most of the time and to correct its mistakes when it gets things wrong. And it is not as if the universe is short of genuine mysteries to keep generations of scientists hard at work. The false trails laid down by cheap research are an unforgivable barrier to understanding.（分

48、数：71.00）(1).The major journals reject more than 90% of the submitted manuscripts to ensure their exclusiveness.（分数：7.10）(2).The flawed research wastes not only money but also the energy of other talents.（分数：7.10）(3).Modern science began in the 17th century.（分数：7.10）(4).Some government funding agenci

49、es have already granted money to figure out how best to encourage replication.（分数：7.10）(5).Some clinical trials from 2000 to 2010 were later abandoned by reason of mistakes or improperness.（分数：7.10）(6).Registered and monitored research protocols would help to resist the temptation to manipulate the experiment“s design.（分数：7.