大学四级-221及答案解析.doc

1、大学四级-221 及答案解析(总分：693.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Briefly state the fact of how college students plan their spare time according to your observation. 2. What do you think are good and why? 3. Some misconceptions on planning spare time should be avoided.（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading

2、 (总题数：1，分数：70.00)B Trust Me, I Am a RobotRobot safety: as robots move into homes and offices, ensuring that they do not injure people will be vital. But how?The incident/BIn 1981 Kenji Urada, a 37-year-old Japanese factory worker, climbed over a safety fence at a Kawasaki plant to carry out some mai

3、ntenance work on a robot. In his haste, he failed to switch the robot off properly. Unable to sense him, the robots powerful hydraulic arm kept on working and accidentally pushed the engineer into a grinding machine. His death made Urada the first recorded victim to die at the hands of a robot.This

4、gruesome industrial accident would not have happened in a world in which robot behaviour was governed by the Three Laws of Robotics drawn up by Isaac Asimov, a science-fiction writer. The laws appeared in I, Robot, a book of short stories published in 1950 that inspired a recent Hollywood film. But

5、decades later the laws, designed to prevent robots from harming people either through action or inaction, remain in the realm of fiction.Indeed, despite the introduction of improved safety mechanisms, robots have claimed many more victims since 198 I. Over the years people have been crushed, hit on

6、the head, welded and even had molten aluminium poured over them by robots. Last year there were 77 robot-related accidents in Britain alone, according to the Health and Safety Executive.BMore related issues/BWith robots now poised to emerge from their industrial cages and to move into homes and work

7、places, roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences-an international group of scientists, academics

8、 and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weaponsthe new group of robo-ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily.“Security, safety and sex are the big conc

9、erns,“ says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and one of the organisers of the new robo-ethics group. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes? Is “system malfunct

10、ion“ a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians? And should robotic sex dolls resembling children be legally allowed?These questions may seem esoteric but in the next few years they will become increasingly rele

11、vant, says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europes World Robotics Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600,000 robot vacuum cleane

12、rs and lawn mowers a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of households should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all

13、 this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety and ethical guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen.BDifficulties/BSo what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces? “Not enough,“ says Blay Whitby, an artificial-intelligence expert at the University of Sussex in England

14、. This is hardly surprising given that the field of “safety-critical computing“ is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer.Regulating the behaviour of robots is going to become more difficult in the fut

15、ure, since they will increasingly have self-learning mechanisms built into them, says Gianmarco Veruggio, a roboticist in Italy. As a result, their behaviour will become impossible to predict fully, he says, since they will not be behaving in predefined ways but will learn new behaviour as they go.T

16、hen there is the question of unpredictable failures. What happens if a robots motors stop working, or it suffers a system failure just as it is performing heart surgery or handing you a cup of hot coffee? You can, of course, build in redundancy by adding backup systems, says Hirochika Inoue, a veter

17、an roboticist at the University of Tokyo who is now an adviser to the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. But this guarantees nothing, he says. “One hundred percent safety is impossible through technology,“ says Dr. Inoue. This is because ultimately no matter how thorough you are, you cannot

18、 anticipate the unpredictable nature of human behaviour, he says.BLegal problems/BSo where does this leave Asimovs Three Laws of Robotics? They were a narrative device, and were never actually meant to work in the real world, says Dr. Whitby. Let alone the fact that the laws require the robot to hav

19、e some form of human-like intelligence, which robots still lack, the laws themselves dont actually work very well. Indeed, Asimov repeatedly knocked them down in his robot stories, showing time and again how these seemingly watertight roles could produce unintended consequences.In any case, says Dr.

20、 Inoue, the laws really just encapsulate commonsense principles that are already applied to the design of most modem appliances, both domestic and industrial. Every toaster, lawn mower and mobile phone is designed to minimise the risk of causing injury yet people still manage to electrocute themselv

21、es, lose fingers or fall out of windows in an effort to get a better signal. At the very least, robots must meet the rigorous safety standards that cover existing products The question is whether new, robot-specific rules are needed- and, if so, what they should say.“Making sure robots are safe will

22、 be critical,“ says Colin Angle of Robot, which has sold over 2m “Roomba“ household-vacuuming robots. But be argues that his firms robots are, in fact, much safer than some popular toys. But what he believes is that robot is just like other home appliances that deserves no special treatment.Robot sa

23、fety is likely to appear in the civil courts as a matter of product liability. “When the first robot carpet-sweeper sucks up a baby, who will be to blame?“ asks John Hallam, a professor at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense. If a robot is autonomous and capable of learning, can its designe

24、r be held responsible for all its actions? Today the answer to these questions is generally “yes“. But as robots grow in complexity it will become a lot less clear cut, he says.However, the idea that general-purpose robots, capable of learning, will become widespread is wrong, suggests Mr. Angle. It

25、 is more likely, he believes, that robots will be relatively dumb machines designed for particular tasks. Rather than a humanoid robot maid, “it s going to be a heterogeneous swarm of robots that will take care of the house,“ he says.（分数：70.00）(1).This passage is mainly about the benefits of develop

26、ing robots and how people are going to get used to living with robots in their office and home.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).The Three Laws of Robotics mentioned in this passage only exited in a book of short stories.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Although people have realized the danger of robots and began to introduce

27、 and improve the safety mechanisms, there is still increasing number of people dying at the hands of robots since 1981.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).It can be inferred from this passage that the Pugwash Conference and the meeting in Genoa, Italy had come up with similar measures against potential dangers.（分数：

28、7.00）填空项 1:_(5).As Henrik Christensen pointed out, three big concerns related to robots were security, safety, and sex.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).According to the passage, East Asia is more likely to have more problems related to robot than western countries because they have a more ambitious plan for robo

29、t development.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).With advancement in the field of artificial-intelligence, it will be easier to regulate the behavior of robots in the future.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).To avoid unpredictable failures, Hirochika Inoue suggests building in_by adding backup systems, but he also points out it

30、 might not guarantee everything.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).There will be indeed unpredictable events; however, people believe that at least, robots must meet the rigorous safety standards that cover_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).People believe that though it is possible that there will be more robots handling part

31、icular tasks, the general-purpose robots which are_will not be possible.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have Just heard.（分数：56.00）A.Doctor and patient.B.Husband and wife.C.Boss and employee.D.Father and daughter.A.Boss and job hun

32、ter.B.Clerk and customer.C.Manager and waiter.D.Waiter and customer.A.At 9:30.B.At 10:30.C.At 10:00.D.At 11:00.A.He came late because he had no money for taxi fee.B.He failed to come on time because of traffic jam.C.He failed to give a short notice because he had no change for a telephone call.D.He

33、failed to come on time because he had a car problem.A.Both of them like pop music.B.They both go to the concert very often.C.They like to go to museum very much.D.Both of them like classical music.A.Worse than the last match.B.The worst match he has ever watched.C.Better than the last match.D.The be

34、st match he has ever seen.A.35.B.25.C.45.D.30.A.It doesnt matter which apartment the man chooses.B.Its a difficult decision.C.She doesnt like either apartment.D.The marl should choose a different apartment.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have Just heard.（分数：28.00）A.It is healthy

35、.B.It contains sugar.C.It doesnt have sugar in them.D.It is sour.A.Paul is keen on sweet food.B.Pauls teeth are not healthy.C.Paul eats too much sweet food.D.Paul is crazy about sweets.A.Lettuce.B.Spinach.C.Parsley.D.Watercress.A.Diagnosis on a disease.B.How to avoid being fat.C.Hot to cook.D.Sugges

36、tions on the diet of a child.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Shanghai.B.Beijing.C.Tianjin.D.Guangzhou.A.The technical manager.B.The sales manager.C.The laboratory manager.D.The operation manager.A.Production manager.B.Lab manager.C.Sales manager.D.Qua

37、lity control manager.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.How to improve transportation.B.The best transportation facilities.C.A comparison between railway and airplane.D.Transportation in China.A.Not comfortable.B.Ra

38、ther crowded and slow.C.Interval is long.D.Cannot reach suburban areas.A.By buses.B.By private cars.C.By rail.D.By air.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Cultural differences and communication.B.Language and communication.C.Intercultural communi

39、cations.D.Three prerequisites of successful communication between cultures.A.Language elements.B.Cultural differences.C.Something happens when people from another culture want to communicate.D.Practical problems in communications between different cultures.A.An ambassador can serve as a bridge betwe

40、en two cultures.B.An ambassador has to understand more than a language to communicate effectively.C.Knowledge of a foreign language is enough for successful communication.D.Mutual understanding is important to maintain good relations between cultures.BPassage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the

41、 passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.How to read a book.B.Evaluation of a book.C.Evaluation of a writer.D.The contends of a book report.A.To know whether they read the book or whether they understand the book.B.As a common home assignment.C.To help improve their writing.D.To monitor their rese

42、arch.A.Reading comprehension.B.Ability to analyze.C.English proficiency.D.Writing.A.Introduction.B.Summary of book.C.Analysis of writers style.D.Comments.五、BSection C/B(总题数：1，分数：77.00)Before the 1850s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They wer

43、e small, churchU (36) /Uinstitutions whose primary concern was toU (37) /Uthe moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions ofU (38) /Ulearning had developed, bearing the ancient name ofU (39) /U. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was

44、concernedU (40) /Uwith creating and spreading knowledge, notU (41) /U. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800s, more than nine thousand young Americans,U (42) /Uwith their training at home, went to Germany forU (43) /Ustudy.Some of them returnedU (44) /UThe new presidents broke all ties with th

45、e churches and brought in a new kind of faculty.U (45) /UThe new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing,U (46) /UGraduate

46、training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced.（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_六、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：90.00)In the 1960s, many people in North

47、 America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. EcologistsU (47) /Uout that a cluster of tail buildings in a city oftenU (48) /Upublic transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are alsoU (49) /Uconsumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York CityU (50) /Uthe peak dally demand for electricity by 120,000 kilowattsenough to