大学英语六级分类模拟题484及答案解析.doc

1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 484及答案解析(总分：426.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.50)1.1在大企业工作的特点; 2在小企业工作的特点; 3我的看法。 （分数：106.50）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：1，分数：71.00)What If Middle-Class Jobs Disappear?A The most recent recession in the United States began in December 2007 and ended in

2、 June 2009, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research. However, two years after the official end of the recession, few Americans would say that economic troubles are behind us. The unemployment rate, in particular, remains above 9%. Some labor market indicators, such as the proportion of

3、 long-term unemployed, are worse now than for any postwar recession. B There are two widely circulated narratives to explain what“s going on. The Keynesian narrative is that there has been a major drop in aggregate demand. According to this narrative, the slump can be largely cured by using monetary

4、 and fiscal (财政的) stimulus. The main anti-Keynesian narrative is that businesses are suffering from uncertainty and over-regulation. According to this narrative, the slump can be cured by having the government commit to and follow a more hands-off approach. C I want to suggest a third interpretation

5、 Without ruling out a role for aggregate demand or for the regulatory environment, I wish to suggest that structural change is an important factor in the current rate of high unemployment. The economy is in a state of transition, in which the middle-class jobs that emerged after World War II have b

6、egun to decline. As Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee put it in a recent e-book Race Against the Machine: “The root of our problems is not that we“re in a great recession, or a great stagnation (停滞), but rather that we are in the early throes (阵痛) of a great restructuring.“ D In fact, I believe th

7、e Great Depression of the 1930s can also be interpreted in part as an economic transition. The impact of the internal combustion engine (内燃机) and the small electric motor on farming and manufacturing reduced the value of uneducated laborers. Instead, by the 1950s, a middle class of largely clerical

8、从事文秘工作的) workers was the most significant part of the labor force. Between 1930 and 1950, the United States economy underwent a great transition. Demand fell for human effort such as lifting, squeezing, and hammering. Demand increased for workers who could read and follow directions. The evolutiona

9、ry process eventually changed us from a nation of laborers to a nation of clerks. E The proportion of employment classified as “clerical workers“ grew from 5.2% in 1910 to a peak of 19.3% in 1980. (However, by 2000 this proportion had edged down to 17.4%.) Overall, workers classified as clerical wor

10、kers, technical workers, managers and officials exceeded 50% of the labor force by 2000. Corresponding declines took place in the manual occupations. Workers classified as laborers, other than farm hands or miners, peaked at 11.4% of the labor force in 1920 but were barely 6% by 1950 and less than 4

11、 by 2000. Farmers and farm laborers fell from 33% of the labor force in 1910 to less than 15% by 1950 and only 1.2% in 2000. F The introduction of the tractor and improvements in the factory rapidly reduced the demand for uneducated workers. By the 1930s, a marginal farm hand could not produce enou

12、gh to justify his employment. Sharecropping, never much better than a subsistence occupation, was no longer viable (可行的). Meanwhile, machines were replacing manufacturing occupations like cigar rolling and glass blowing for light bulbs. G The structural-transition interpretation of the unemployment

13、problem of the 1930s would be that the demand for uneducated workers in the United States had fallen, but the supply remained high. The high school graduation rate was only 8.8% in 1912 and still just 29% in 1931. By 1950, it had reached 59%. With a new generation of workers who had completed high s

14、chool, the mismatch between skills and jobs had been greatly reduced. H What took place after World War II was not the revival of a 1920s economy, with its small farming units, urban manufacturing, and plurality of laborers. Instead, the 1950s saw the creation of a new suburban economy, with a plura

15、lity of white-collar workers. With an expanded transportation and communications infrastructure (基础设), businesses needed telephone operators, shipping clerks and similar occupations. If you could read, follow simple instructions, and settle into a routine, you could find a job in the post-war econom

16、y. I The trend away from manual labor has continued. Even within the manufacturing sector, the share of production and non-supervisory workers in manufacturing employment went from over 85% just after World War II to less than 70% in more recent years. To put this another way, the proportion of whit

17、e-collar work in manufacturing has doubled over the past 50 years. On the factory floor itself, work has become less physically demanding. Instead, it requires more cognitive skills and the ability to understand and carry out well-defined procedures. J As noted earlier, the proportion of clerical wo

18、rkers in the economy peaked in 1980. By that date, computers and advanced communications equipment had already begun to affect telephone operations and banking. The rise of the personal computer and the Internet has widened the impact of these technologies to include nearly every business and indust

19、ry. K The economy today differs from that of a generation ago. Mortgage and consumer loan underwriters (风险评估人) have been replaced by credit scoring. Record stores have been replaced by music downloads. Book stores are closing, while sales of books on electronic readers have increased. Data entry has

20、 been moved off shore. Routine customer support also has been outsourced (外包) overseas. L These trends serve to limit the availability of well-defined jobs. If a job can be characterized by a precise set of instructions, then that job is a candidate to be automated or outsourced to modestly educated

21、 workers in developing countries. The result is what David Autor calls the polarization of the American job market. M Using the latest Census Bureau data, Matthew Slaughter found that from 2000 to 2010 the real earnings of college graduates (with no advanced degree) fell by more in percentage terms

22、than the earnings of high school graduates. In fact, over this period the only education category to show an increase in earnings was those with advanced degrees. N The outlook for mid-skill jobs would not appear to be bright. Communications technology and computer intelligence continue to improve,

23、putting more occupations at risk. For example, many people earn a living as drivers, including trucks and taxicabs. However, the age of driverless vehicles appears to be moving closer. Another example is in the field of education. In the fall of 2011, an experiment with an online course in artificia

24、l intelligence conducted by two Stanford professors drew tens of thousands of registrants (报名者). This increases the student-teacher ratio by a factor of close to a thousand. Imagine the number of teaching jobs that might be eliminated if this could be done for math, economics, chemistry, and so on.

25、O It“s important to bear in mind that when we offer a structural interpretation of unemployment, a “loss of jobs“ means an increase in productivity. Traditionally, economists have argued that productivity increases are a good thing, even though they may cause unemployment for some workers in the sho

26、rt run. In the long run, the economy does not run out of jobs. Rather, new jobs emerge as old jobs disappear. The story we tell is that average well-being rises, and the more people are able to adapt, the more widespread the improvement becomes.（分数：71.00）(1).Even factory floor work today has become

27、intellectually challenging rather than physically demanding.（分数：7.10）(2).Increases in productivity prove beneficial though some people may lose their jobs temporarily.（分数：7.10）(3).The unemployment rate remained high even two years after the government declared the recent recession was over.（分数：7.10）

28、4).The author suggests that the recent high unemployment rate is mainly caused by a decrease of middle-class jobs.（分数：7.10）(5).The creation of a suburban economy in the 1950s created lots of office jobs.（分数：7.10）(6).In the first decade of the 21st century, only people with postgraduate degrees expe

29、rienced an increase in earnings.（分数：7.10）(7).One economics theory suggests using monetary and fiscal stimulus to cope with an economic recession.（分数：7.10）(8).The popularity of online courses may eliminate many teaching jobs.（分数：7.10）(9).Computer technology has brought about revolutionary changes in

30、the record and book business.（分数：7.10）(10).White-collar workers accounted for more than half of the labor force by the end of the 20th century.（分数：7.10）四、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Finally, good news on the obesity epidemic (流行): Though their parents and older siblings are

31、just as overweight as ever, little kids around the country are considerably slimming down. Obesity in children aged 2-5 has declined 43% in the last decade, according to Centers for Disease Control (CDC. data recently released in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Nearly 14% of young o

32、nes were considered obese in 2004 compared to a little over 8% in 2012. While this is undoubtedly a move in the right direction, obesity rates for older children and adults remain stalled (停滞). The reason behind the drop isn“t clear, but several moves have been made in the last decade to combat the

33、country“s growing weight, and many of the initiatives have focused on our youngest citizens. CDC Director Tom Frieden says he“s seen “signs from communities around the country with obesity prevention programs including Anchorage, Alaska, Philadelphia, New York City, and King County, Washington. This

34、 confirms that at least for kids, we can turn the trend and begin to reverse the obesity epidemic.“ Likely due to a combination of these federal and local health initiatives that aim to improve nutrition and exercise at daycares and preschool programs, young children seem to be getting healthier. Ch

35、ildren now get less of their calories from sugary beverages. And more babies are being breastfed (母乳喂养), and for longer periods of timea proven way to keep off excess weight in children. The CDC classifies obesity as the nation“s number one health problem. Over one third of children and adolescents

36、are overweight or obesea number which rises to more than two-thirds for adults. While some parents might consider larger little ones as just carrying “baby fat“, recent research has proven that excess weight follows young children and negatively affects them throughout their young and adult lives. O

37、ne third of kindergarteners who are overweight are obese by the eighth grade, according to study published in the New England Journal of Medicine. And studies show over three quarters of obese children go on to become obese adults, with all the associated health problems. Obese children are at incre

38、ased risk for heart disease, diabetes, bone and joint problems, and psychological problems associated with self-esteem. They also face increased health care costs, and premature death. News of the preschool slim down follows a 2012 report that showed extreme obesity started to decrease in two to fou

39、r-year-olds who participated in federal nutrition programs, mostly the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), which provided food and education to almost 9 million low-income pregnant and breastfeeding women and children under 5 years of age in Fiscal Year 2011.（分数：71

40、00）(1).What can we infer from the world “Finally“ (Line 1, Para. 1)?（分数：14.20）A.Previous news on the obesity epidemic has been disappointing.B.Researchers have just found a solution to the obesity epidemic.C.New research on the obesity epidemic has come to an end.D.Federal nutrition programs have y

41、ielded expected results.(2).What would Tom Frieden probably attribute the drop of obesity in children to?（分数：14.20）A.Babies“ being breastfed.B.Fewer calories in sugary beverages.C.Some health initiatives.D.The WIC program.(3).What does the author think of obesity in children?（分数：14.20）A.It can be ta

42、ken simply as “baby fat“.B.It is more serious than we might think.C.It is unlikely to last into adulthood.D.It is easy to find a way to keep it off.(4).What do we learn about obese children?（分数：14.20）A.It is easier for them to slim down than adults.B.They are temporarily affected by the excess weigh

43、t.C.They tend to suffer from poor nutrition.D.They are more likely to be less confident.(5).What do we learn from the 2012 report?（分数：14.20）A.It involved a number of federal and local health programs.B.The programs it involved focused on children and adolescents.C.Its results were consistent with th

44、e data recently released by CDC.D.It decreased the percentage of obese children to a little over 8%.六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Most of us are bad at spotting a lie, at least consciously. New research, published recently in Psychological Science, suggests that we have good instincts for judging lia

45、rs, but that they are so deeply buried that we can“t get at them. This finding is the work of Leanne Ten Brinke, now at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley. “Perhaps our own bodies know better than our conscious minds who is lying,“ she explained. It“s well accepted

46、 that most of us are no better than a flip (轻抛) of the coin at seeing a lie. A classic experiment involves showing study subjects videotape of people, some of whom are lying, who say they did not steal $100; the subjects correctly guess the liars about half the time. Dr. Ten Brinke and her collabora

47、tors improved that experiment: After the subjects watched the video and made their conscious assessments of who was lying, the researchers tried to measure the subjects“ unconscious reactions. The researchers flashed images of someone already seen in the videotapebut this time in milliseconds, indis

48、cernible consciously. The subjects then completed a word task that involved placing “truth“ words (like truthful, honest, valid) and “lie“ words (dishonest, invalid, deceitful) into their proper categories. When study subjects were flashed a picture of a liar, they were significantly slower to put w

49、ords like truthful or honest into the “truth“ category, but faster to put words like deceitful into the “lie“ category. The opposite was true when the subjects saw a truthful person. So, in general, the same people seemed better at detecting lies unconsciously than consciously. By scientific measures, the size of the effect was obviously nontrivial (重大的),but not overwhelming. There are many theories about why the ability to pick out liars gets lost in translation to