托福-9 (1)及答案解析.doc

1、托福-9 (1)及答案解析(总分：109.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Set 1(总题数：2，分数：6.00)Cultural Shock“Culture shock“ might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxie

2、ty that results from losing all our signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life; when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, w

3、hen to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of

4、props has been knocked out from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.“ When foreigners in a

5、 strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified.

6、All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. (A) Although not common, there are individuals who cannot live in

7、 foreign countries. (B) During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new. (C) They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners. (D) This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months, depending

8、on circumstances. If one is very important, he or she will be brought to visit the show places, will be pampered and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about goodwill and international friendship.But this mentality does not normally last if the foreign visitor remains abroad and n

9、eeds to seriously cope with real conditions of life. It is then that the second stage begins, characterized by a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country. This hostility evidently grows out of the genuine difficulty which the visitor experiences in the process of adjustment. There are

10、 house troubles, transportation troubles, shopping troubles, and the fact that people in the host country are largely indifferent to all these troubles. They help, but they dont understand your great concern over these difficulties. Therefore, they must be insensitive and unsympathetic to you and yo

11、ur worries. The result, “I just dont like them.“ You become aggressive, you band together with others from your country and criticize the host country, its ways, and its people. But this criticism is not an objective appraisal.You take refuge in the colony of others from your country which often bec

12、omes the fountainhead of emotionally charged labels known as stereotypes. This is a peculiar kind of offensive shorthand which caricatures the host country and its people in a negative manner. The “dollar grasping American“ and the “indolent Latin American“ are samples of mild forms of stereotypes.

13、The second stage of culture shock is, in a sense, a crisis in the disease. If you come out of it, you leave before you reach the stage of a nervous breakdown.If visitors succeed in acquiring some knowledge of the language and begin to get around by themselves, they are beginning to open the way into

14、 the new cultural environment. Visitors still have difficulties but they take a “this is my problem and I have to bear it“ attitude. Usually in this stage visitors take a superior attitude to people of the host country. Their sense of humor begins to exert itself. Instead of criticizing, they joke a

15、bout the people and even crack jokes about their own difficulties. They are now on the way to recovery.（分数：5.50）(1).The word precipitated in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.protectedB.detectedC.treatedD.caused(2).According to the passage, what should people do while visiting a fore

16、ign culture?（分数：0.50）A.To avoid culture shock.B.To joke about culture shock.C.To enjoy culture shock.D.To adjust to culture shock.(3).The signs or cues of culture shock given by the author involve all of the following EXCEPT _.（分数：0.50）A.when and how to give tipsB.when to take statements seriously a

17、nd when notC.how to treat sick and injured peopleD.how to go shopping and make purchases(4).The word grouse in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.talkB.complainC.speakD.tell(5).According to the passage, when one is in the second stage of culture shock, one _.（分数：0.50）A.is polite and g

18、racious to foreignersB.makes jokes about the host cultureC.finds the native people unsympatheticD.enjoys the customs of the host culture(6).According to the passage, people in the host country are thought to be largely indifferent to visitors troubles, because _.（分数：0.50）A.they are insensitive and u

19、nsympatheticB.they are not fond of visitorsC.they do not mind others businessD.they consider the troubles not serious(7).According to the passage, what is the best way to cure him or her when one is experiencing a nervous breakdown because of culture shock?（分数：0.50）A.Referring him to see a good doct

20、or.B.Asking him to live with native people.C.Sending him back to his home culture.D.Letting him stay with people from his home cultur(8).The word caricature in Paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.drawB.mimicC.playD.recite(9).Which of the following can be inferred from the third stage of c

21、ulture shock about visitors activity?（分数：0.50）A.Visitors begin to learn some native language.B.Visitors begin to get around with people.C.Visitors begin to replace aggression with humor.D.Visitors begin to take a superior attitud(10).Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?（分数：0.50）A

22、.Culture shock can never be cured.B.Culture shock can be cured.C.Culture shock can be avoided.D.Culture shock is a physical ailment.(11).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, those who have seen people go through culture shock and

23、on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process.Where would the sentence best fit?（分数：0.50）A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .1.Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of org

24、anism to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 4 points./r/n /r/n People who are familiar with a foreign culture /r/n People who suffer from culture shock /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n Answer Choic

25、es A. Criticize and joke about people around at the same time. B. Take a superior attitude towards the host country. C. Adopt a hostile and aggressive attitude towards the host country. D. Reject the environment which causes discomfort. E. Exert their sense of humor. F. Are easily angry with minor f

26、rustrations. G. Are indifferent to all troubles in the host country. H. Crack jokes about their own difficulties. I. Fear physical contact with attendants.（分数：0.50）_三、Set 2(总题数：2，分数：6.50)Philosophy of Logical AnalysisModern physics and physiology throw a new light upon the ancient problem of percept

27、ion. If there is to be anything that can be called “perception“, it must be in some degree an effect of the object perceived, and it must more or less resemble the object if it is to be a source of knowledge of the object. The first requisite can only be fulfilled if there are causal chains which ar

28、e, to a greater or lesser extent, independent of the rest of the world. According to physics, this is the case.Modern analytical empiricism differs from that of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume by its incorporation of mathematics and its development of a powerful logical technique. It is thus able, in rega

29、rd to certain problems, to achieve definite answers, which have the quality of science rather than philosophy. It has the advantage; as compared with philosophies of system-builders, of being able to tackle its problems one at a time, instead of having to invent at one stroke a block theory of the w

30、hole universe. Its methods, in this respect, resemble those of science.There remains, however, a vast field, traditionally included in philosophy, where scientific methods are inadequate. This field includes ultimate questions of value; science alone, for example, cannot prove that it is bad to enjo

31、y the infliction cruelty. Whatever can be known, can be known by means of science; but things which are legitimately matters of feeling lie outside its province.Philosophy, throughout its history, has consisted of two parts inharmoniously blended: on the one hand, a theory as to the nature of the wo

32、rld, on the other hand, an ethical or political doctrine as to the best way of living. (A) The failure to separate these two with sufficient clarity has been a source of much confused thinking. (B) Philosophers, from Plato to William James, have allowed their opinions as to the constitution of the u

33、niverse to be influenced by the desire for edification: knowing, as they supposed, what beliefs would make men virtuous, they have invented arguments, often very sophisticated, to prove that these beliefs are true. (C) Morally, a philosopher who uses his professional competence for anything except a

34、 disinterested search for truth is guilty of a kind of treachery. And when he assumes, in advance of inquiry, that certain beliefs, whether true or false, are such as to promote good behavior, he is so limiting the scope of philosophical speculation as to make philosophy trivial; the true philosophe

35、r is prepared to examine all preconceptions. (D) When any limits are placed, consciously or unconsciously, upon the pursuit of truth, philosophy becomes paralyzed by fear, and the ground is prepared for a government censorship punishing those who utter “dangerous thoughts“ -in fact, the philosopher

36、has already placed such a censorship over his own investigations.Intellectually, the effect of mistaken moral considerations upon philosophy has been to impede progress to an extraordinary extent. I do not myself believe that philosophy can either prove or disapprove the truth of religious dogmas, b

37、ut ever since Plato most philosophers have considered it part of their business to produce “proofs“ of immortality and the existence of God. They have found fault with the proofs of their predecessorsSaint Thomas rejected Saint Anselms proofs, and Kant rejected Descartesbut they have supplied new on

38、es of their own. In order to make their proofs seem valid, they have had to falsify logic, to make mathematics mystical, and to pretend that deep-seated prejudices were heaven-sent intuitions.All this is rejected by the philosophers who make logical analysis the main business of philosophy. They con

39、fess frankly that the human intellect is of profound importance to mankind, but they refuse to believe that there is some “higher“ way of knowing, by which we can discover truths hidden from science and the intellect. For this renunciation, they have been rewarded by the discovery that many question

40、s, formerly obscured by the fog of metaphysics, can be answered with precision, and by objective methods which .introduce nothing of the philosophers temperament except the desire to understand. Take such questions as. What is a number? What are space and time? What is mind, and what is matter? I do

41、 not say that we can here and now give definite answers to all these ancient questions, but I do say that a method has been discovered by which, as in science, we can make successive approximations to the truth.（分数：6.00）(1).According to the author, our knowledge of the physical world is _.（分数：0.50）A

42、.the same as our perception of the physical worldB.different from our perception of the physical worldC.the source of our perception of the physical worldD.the effect of our perception of the physical world(2).Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentenc

43、e? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：0.50）A.Modern empiricism attempts to invent a theory of the whole universe.B.Modern empiricism attempts to build a system of philosophies.C.Modern empiricism attempts to tackle certain problems on

44、e at a time.D.Modern empiricism attempts to develop a powerful logical techniqu(3).All of the following issues lie inside the province of science EXCEPT _.（分数：0.50）A.valueB.knowledgeC.feelingD.infliction(4).The author of the passage implies that a theory about nature should _.（分数：0.50）A.be blended w

45、ith an ethical doctrine about the best way of livingB.be separated from an ethical doctrine about the best way of livingC.be influenced by an ethical doctrine about the best way of livingD.consist of an ethical doctrine about the best way of living(5).The word edification in Paragraph 4 is closest i

46、n meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.new informationB.moral improvementC.complex knowledgeD.personal belief(6).According to the passage, moral consideration makes it possible for a philosopher to _.（分数：0.50）A.examine all preconceptionsB.search for philosophical truthC.limit scope of speculationD.promote good b

47、ehavior(7).the word paralyzed in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.ineffectiveB.inflictedC.famousD.sensitive(8).In Paragraph 5, according to the authors opinion, what can philosophy do?（分数：0.50）A.It proves or justifies religious truth.B.It disapproves and rejects any religious truth.

48、C.It neither proves nor disapproves religious truth.D.It will influence religious trut(9).Which of the following can be inferred about the philosophers of logical analysis?（分数：0.50）A.They are rather interested in the field of metaphysics.B.They attach great importance to science and the human intell

49、ect.C.They succeed in finding definite answers to philosophical questions.D.They turn philosophy into a business to make profits.(10).The philosophical method mentioned by the author in Paragraph 6 is said to be able to do all of the following EXCEPT _.（分数：0.50）A.reducing fanaticismB.increasing mutual understandingC.ceasing to suggest the way of lifeD.ceasing to inspire a w