托福-练习四十及答案解析.doc

1、托福-练习四十及答案解析(总分：15.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPassage 1/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)1.Evidence that some animals possess self-awareness comes from a series of experiments in which animals appear to recognize themselves in mirrors.Researchers have repeatedly demonstrated the mirror-recognition ability of chimpanzees by us

2、ing a procedure called the “mark test.“ For several days, chimpanzees were exposed to a mirror so they would become used to it. Then, one day they were given a sleeping drug, and while the chimps were asleep the researchers marked one eyebrow and one ear on each animal with a bright red dye. The res

3、earchers then watched the chimpanzees to see what they would do when they woke up and noticed the red mark. At first the chimps were placed in their cage without the mirror. On average, they touched the marked areas only once during a half-hour. Then the mirror was brought in, and the chimpanzees on

4、 average touched the marked spots seven times in a half-hour.The mark test clearly showed that the chimps touched their heads and faces more when the mirror was present. Some of them touched the marked spots while they looked at their image in the mirror, and then sniffed or examined their fingers.

5、The researchers concluded that the chimpanzees recognized the red mark as being on their own bodies, suggesting that chimpanzees are self-aware.When the chimpanzees recognized themselves in the mirror, they would often groom themselves. They used the mirror to explore the insides of their mouths. Th

6、ey made faces and stuck out their tongues. These results strengthened the hypothesis that chimpanzees have a concept of self and are able to recognize the image in the mirror as their own.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passag

7、e during the writing time.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_二、BPassage 2/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)2.Compared to other energy sources, wind energy is available, abundant, affordable, and clean. The wind

8、 is a renewable natural resource that is available everywhere. In the United States, the wind supply is abundant. Wind power could provide 20 percent of the electricity in the United States, with turbines installed on less than one percent of the nations land area. Within that area, less than five p

9、ercent of the land would be occupied by wind equipment; the remaining 95 percent could continue to be used for farming or ranching.Wind energy is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies available today. It is affordable enough to compete with coal, oil, and gas. The wind is free, and

10、with modern technology it can be captured efficiently. Better turbine technology has helped reduce the cost of wind energy by more than 80 percent since the 1980s. In several places around the world, energy companies offer wind-generated electricity at a cost that is almost half the cost for coal po

11、wer, and around one-fifth the cost for nuclear power.Most importantly, wind power is safe and environmentally friendly. Once the wind turbine is built, the energy it produces does not cause greenhouse gases or other pollutants. Wind is a much cleaner source of fuel than coal, oil, and gas, so there

12、are fewer emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur, and other gases that cause global warming, smog, and acid rain. Wind power will decrease our dependence on fossil fuels, which is critical to the health of all living things.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. Y

13、ou may look at the reading passage during the writing time.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_三、BPassage 3/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)3.Abstract Expressionism was a movement in painting that emerged in New Yo

14、rk City in the 1940s and attained prominence in the following decade. It emphasized personal expression, individuality, and freedom from convention.Abstract Expressionism valued the act of painting itself, including the accidents and discoveries that can occur during the process of painting. For thi

15、s reason, it is sometimes called action painting. The expressive method of painting was considered as important as the finished product. Artists typically applied paint rapidly and with force. They valued improvisation and painted spontaneously, without planning or sketching in advance.Abstract expr

16、essionists gave special attention to surface qualities of paint, such as brushstroke and texture. They sometimes applied paint with large brushes-dripping, splattering, or even throwing it onto a canvas. They used various tools, including their hands, to spread the paint. Some artists applied multip

17、le layers of paint, filling the entire canvas with broad brushstrokes and thick globs of color.Abstract expressionists had a preference for dramatically large canvases. Painters rejected easel-bound canvases for over-sized surfaces that were often placed upon the floor. Their approach to space meant

18、 that all parts of the canvas played an equally important role in the total work. Huge canvases suited the heavyweight, tragic, and emotional themes. Bold use of color and texture contributed to a paintings sense of power and movement.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin yo

19、ur response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time.The lecture discusses the painter Jackson Pollock. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they illustrate specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_托福-练习四十答案解析(总分：15.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPa

20、ssage 1/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)1.Evidence that some animals possess self-awareness comes from a series of experiments in which animals appear to recognize themselves in mirrors.Researchers have repeatedly demonstrated the mirror-recognition ability of chimpanzees by using a procedure called the “mark test.

21、“ For several days, chimpanzees were exposed to a mirror so they would become used to it. Then, one day they were given a sleeping drug, and while the chimps were asleep the researchers marked one eyebrow and one ear on each animal with a bright red dye. The researchers then watched the chimpanzees

22、to see what they would do when they woke up and noticed the red mark. At first the chimps were placed in their cage without the mirror. On average, they touched the marked areas only once during a half-hour. Then the mirror was brought in, and the chimpanzees on average touched the marked spots seve

23、n times in a half-hour.The mark test clearly showed that the chimps touched their heads and faces more when the mirror was present. Some of them touched the marked spots while they looked at their image in the mirror, and then sniffed or examined their fingers. The researchers concluded that the chi

24、mpanzees recognized the red mark as being on their own bodies, suggesting that chimpanzees are self-aware.When the chimpanzees recognized themselves in the mirror, they would often groom themselves. They used the mirror to explore the insides of their mouths. They made faces and stuck out their tong

25、ues. These results strengthened the hypothesis that chimpanzees have a concept of self and are able to recognize the image in the mirror as their own.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time.Summarize th

26、e points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_正确答案：(Key points: The lecture states that the mark test was repeated many times, but some of the results were inconsistent. This casts doubt on the point in the reading t

27、hat the mark test has repeatedly demonstrated that chimpanzees recognize themselves in a mirror. The lecture states that all chimpanzees touch their heads and faces a lot, with or without a mirror. This casts doubt on the point in the reading that the mark test clearly showed that the chimps touched

28、 their heads and faces more when the mirror was present. The lecture states that self-grooming in chimpanzees is a social behavior. This casts doubt on the point in the reading that chimps would groom themselves because they recognized their own image in a mirror.)解析：解析 As we interpret the results o

29、f these experiments with chimpanzees, we can see there are several problems. First, the “mark test“ was repeated many times, but some of the results were inconsistent. For example, one study with eleven chimpanzees found that only one of the chimps touched the mark during the test. Why were those re

30、sults so different from the results of other tests, which showed a high rate of chimps touching the mark? This inconsistency is troubling. Second, chimpanzees perform these very same behaviors routinely, whether or not theres a mirror. All chimpanzees touch their heads and faces a lot, with or witho

31、ut a mirror. In an experiment with eleven chimpanzees, one chimp rubbed his head while coming out of the sleeping drug. He rubbed the mark off even before he had the chance to see it in the mirror-thus confounding the test results and making it impossible to conclude anything. Third, some of the beh

32、aviors we call self-aware are also social responses that chimpanzees usually show in the presence of other chimps. Self-grooming in chimpanzees is a social behavior. When chimps are put in a cage with a mirror along one wall, they show an increase in the amount of self- grooming. So do chimps that c

33、an see other chimps in the cage next to them. All of this grooming is normal social behavior. Its part of fitting in with the group. So we cant always tell from a chimps behavior whether the chimp is reacting in a “self-aware“ manner to a mirror image, or whether its reacting “socially“ to the image

34、 as that of another chimp. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.二、BPassage 2/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)2.Compared to other energy sources, wind energy is available, abundant, affordable, and clean. The wind is a rene

35、wable natural resource that is available everywhere. In the United States, the wind supply is abundant. Wind power could provide 20 percent of the electricity in the United States, with turbines installed on less than one percent of the nations land area. Within that area, less than five percent of

36、the land would be occupied by wind equipment; the remaining 95 percent could continue to be used for farming or ranching.Wind energy is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies available today. It is affordable enough to compete with coal, oil, and gas. The wind is free, and with moder

37、n technology it can be captured efficiently. Better turbine technology has helped reduce the cost of wind energy by more than 80 percent since the 1980s. In several places around the world, energy companies offer wind-generated electricity at a cost that is almost half the cost for coal power, and a

38、round one-fifth the cost for nuclear power.Most importantly, wind power is safe and environmentally friendly. Once the wind turbine is built, the energy it produces does not cause greenhouse gases or other pollutants. Wind is a much cleaner source of fuel than coal, oil, and gas, so there are fewer

39、emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur, and other gases that cause global warming, smog, and acid rain. Wind power will decrease our dependence on fossil fuels, which is critical to the health of all living things.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may loo

40、k at the reading passage during the writing time.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_正确答案：(Key points: The lecture states that the amount of energy produced from the wind is unpredictable. This chal

41、lenges the point in the reading that wind energy is available and abundant. The lecture states that wind energy is expensive to develop. This challenges the point in the reading that wind energy is low priced and affordable. The lecture states that wind energy has some negative impacts on the enviro

42、nment. This challenges the point in the reading that wind energy is safe and environmentally friendly.)解析：解析 While its true that wind power is a promising source of energy, there are some drawbacks. One is that the amount of energy produced is unpredictable. The strength of the wind can vary from no

43、ne at all to storm force. Consequently, wind turbines dont generate the same amount of electricity all the time. Also, wind is very spread out. This means it would take a large number of wind generators-and large amounts of land- to produce electricity in useful amounts. We cant build wind turbines

44、everywhere, simply because lots of spaces arent windy enough to generate power. Another drawback is the cost. Wind energy is expensive to develop. Even though the cost has decreased in the past few decades, the technology for wind requires a higher initial investment than it does for fossil fuel gen

45、erators. And ideal locations for wind farms can be very expensive to buy. Good sites are often located in remote areas, far from the cities where the electricity is needed. This means that transmission lines have to be built to bring the electricity from the wind farm to the city. Furthermore, wind

46、power plants do have some negative impacts on the environment. For example, theres concern about the noise produced by the blades. One wind generator makes a low, swooshing sound, so you can imagine the amount of noise several dozen of these generators will make. Another problem is the high number o

47、f birds killed by flying into the blades. Migrating birds like strong winds, and its common for them to fly into wind turbines. In one case, researchers found two hundred dead birds on a wind farm in California. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge speci

48、fic points made in the reading passage.三、BPassage 3/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)3.Abstract Expressionism was a movement in painting that emerged in New York City in the 1940s and attained prominence in the following decade. It emphasized personal expression, individuality, and freedom from convention.Abstract Expressionism valued the act of painting itself, including the accidents and discover