职称英语卫生类A、B、C级综合试卷-50及答案解析.doc

1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-50 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：5，分数：100.00)Surgery Involving the Heart1. The heart-lung machine (pump-oxygenator) is a valuable addition to the modem operating room. This machine has made it possible to perform many operations on the heart and other thoracic

2、 organs which could not otherwise be done. There are several types of machines in use, all of which serve as a temporary substitute for the patients heart and lungs.2. The machine siphons off the blood from the large vessels entering the heart on the right side so that no blood passes through the he

3、art and lungs. The blood is returned to the general circulation for body distribution through one of the large arteries. While passing through the machine, the blood is oxygenated by means of an oxygen inlet, and carbon dioxide is removed by various chemical means. These are the processes that norma

4、lly take place between the blood and the air in the lung tissue. While in the machine, the blood is also “defoamed“ to be sure that all air bubbles are removed, since such bubbles could be fatal to the patient by obstructing blood vessels. An electric motor in the machine serves as a pump during the

5、 surgical procedure to distribute the processed blood throughout the body by means of the artery mentioned above.3. Diseased valves may become deformed and scarred from endocarditis so that they are ineffective and often obstructive. In some cases a special small knife can be inserted into the heart

6、 chamber and the valve can be cut so that it no longer obstructs the blood flow. The valve may even become partially functional. In other cases there may be so much damage that replacement is the only resort. Substitute valves made of plastic materials have proved to be a lifesaving measure for many

7、 patients. Very thin butterfly valves made of dacron or other synthetic material have also been successfully used.4. Artificial hearts or parts of hearts designed to assist the ventricles in their pumping function have not proved as successful as the artificial valves. However, research continues an

8、d it is quite possible that an effective device may soon be ready for use. More spectacular is the transplantation of a human heart from the body of a person who has recently died. Tissues of the donor and the recipient should be as closely matched as possible to avoid rejection by the recipients an

9、tibody mechanism. This rejection syndrome is the most serious problem related to heart transplants.（分数：20.00）(1).A. The Heart TransplantationB. How the Heart-lung Machine WorksC. A Machine Making Many Kinds of Thoracic Operations PossibleD. A Temporary Substitute for the Diseased ValveE. Operations

10、on Cardiac Valves and Substitutes for ValvesF. How Every Part of the Heart Performs Its FunctionParagraph 1 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 2 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 3 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 4 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(5).A. and finally they fail to function properlyB. to perform many surgical

11、 operations on the chestC. when it passes through the heart-lung machineD. and they no longer obstruct the blood flowE. to match tissues of the donor and the recipientF. when the ineffective valves are replaced by artificial onesThe blood is oxygenated and carbon dioxide in it is removed _.（分数：2.50）

12、填空项 1:_(6).The heart-lung machine is an essential helper for surgeons _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(7).Endocarditis may cause valves to be damaged _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(8).It is extremely important in heart transplantation _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_Ginseng Shows Benefit in Cancer Treatment1. Flaxseed slowed the growth of

13、 prostate tumors in men, while ginseng helped relieve the fatigue that cancer patients often feel, US researchers reported on Saturday in two of the first scientifically rigorous looks at alternative medicine.2. The studies reflect doctors efforts to explore the risks and benefits of foods and suppl

14、ements that are routinely taken by their patients with little scientific proof they help. Americans spend between $36 billion and $47 billion a year on complementary and alternative therapies, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. “Patients are taking these compounds but we need to

15、 know if they are doing any good or any harm, “ said Dr. Bruce Cheson of Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, who led a panel on alternative therapies at a meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.3. In the flaxseed study, researchers at Duke University Medical Center in North C

16、arolina and colleagues evaluated the seeds role as a food supplement in 161 men who were scheduled to undergo surgery for prostate cancer. “The growth rate was decreased in the men who got flaxseed, “ said Dr. Nancy Davidson, an oncologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore who is president-el

17、ect of ASCO. “I think this is fascinating. “ Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and lignins, a fiber found on the seed coat. “We were looking at flaxseed because of its unique nutrient profile, “ said Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, a researcher in Dukes School of Nursing, who led the study.4. Half of

18、 the men in the study added 30 grams of flaxseed daily to their diets for about 30 days. Half of the flaxseed group also went on a low-fat diet. After the surgery, the researchers looked at the mens tumor cells to see how quickly the cancer had multiplied. The cancer cells in both the flaxseed group

19、s grew about 30 to 40 percent slower than the control group.5. But Demark-Wahnefried is not ready to prescribe flaxseed. “Its a healthy food. It has a lot of vitamins and a lot of fiber. But we can not definitively say at this point you should take flaxseed because it is protective against prostate

20、cancer, “ she said, adding that flaxseed now needed to be studied to see if it can prevent prostate cancer.6. In the ginseng trial, Debra Barton of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and colleagues tested three different doses of the herb on patients with a variety of cancers who were expected

21、 to live at least six months. Twenty-five percent of patients taking a 1,000-mg dose and twenty-seven percent of patients taking a 2,OOO-mg dose said their fatigue symptoms were “moderately better“ or “much better. “ Only 10 percent of those taking a 750-mg dose reported an improvement, which was ab

22、out the same as the placebo group. Patients in the trial took Wisconsin ginseng from a single crop that was tested for uniform potency. It was powdered and given in a capsule form. “I wouldnt have predicted this, I have to admit, “ Davidson said in an interview. “We might want to test this on a larg

23、e scale. “7. The flaxseed study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the ginseng study was supported by US Public Health Service grants.（分数：20.00）(1).A. The Motivation of Flaxseed StudyB. The Study on Ginseng Displays Its Good PromiseC. The Doctors Responsibility Led Them to Carry Out

24、 These Two StudiesD. Ginseng Is As Good to Cancer Patients As FlaxseedE. The Methods and Results of the Study on FlaxseedF. A Different Opinion on the Use of FlaxseedParagraph 2 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 4 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 5 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 6 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(5).A.

25、 that led the researchers in Dukes School of Nursing to study itB. by giving different doses of the herb to patients with different cancersC. whether the foods and supplements patients took every day were good or notD. though both flaxseed and ginseng are all healthy alternative medicinesE. that eit

26、her of them is beneficial to cancer patientsF. because we still have to see if flaxseed can prevent prostate cancerDoctors in the US wanted to know _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(6).Both studies on flaxseed and ginseng show _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(7).It is the unique nutrient profile of flaxseed _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(8

27、).In the ginseng trial the researchers tested the potency of ginseng _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_Ward off Travel Bugs1. As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn. With care and some help from natural sources, however, it is quite possible to avoid these pro

28、blems.2. You can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. Food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lactobacillus and bifidobacteria, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to poisoning brought on by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bac

29、teria.3. By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold. The beneficial bacteria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut.4. In many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bo

30、ttled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. If you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and see a doctor. However, if you detect diarrhea early enough, you might like to try taking about 10 or 15 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which ca

31、n digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over.5. Taking a teaspoon of silicol gel can also help. This lines the stomach and upper intestinal area and binds with bacteria and viruses, allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut. When you pack, include grapefruit-seed extract, which is

32、an excellent all-round anti-bacterial. antiparasitic, anti-viral and anti-fungal agent.6. Your flight can also be made more pleasant. Peppermint oil and ginger capsules ward off motion sickness, but a more delicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. If you tend to get earache on take-off a

33、nd landing, you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure.7. The greatest concern is “economy class syndrome“, the popular name for deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. To reduce this,

34、you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol.8. You can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram of vitamin C with the bioflavonoid quercetin. Vitamin C and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat.9. Finally, if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas,

35、 you should see a doctor.（分数：20.00）(1).A. Basics of What to Eat and DrinkB. Medicine Against Bacteria and VirusesC. Avoiding Holiday TroublesD. Basics of Having a Pleasant FlightE. A Teaspoonful of Helpful SilicolF. Preparations Against Food PoisoningParagraph 1 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 4 _（分数

36、2.50）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 5 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 6 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(5).A. when your plane is about to landB. when you are taking tabletsC. when you suffer from food-poisoningD. when you are travellingE. when you are packing for your tourF. when you are having a coldFood-poisoning may pos

37、e a problem _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(6).Special earplugs can make you feel better _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(7).It is important to drink a lot of water _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(8).Dont forget to bring necessary medicine _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_A Babys Growth1. To describe a babys growth, the old saying “one thing leads to an

38、other“ should really read, “one thing leads to an explosion. “ The perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up allow appreciation of visual space. The evolution of increasingly efficient reaching also lets the baby appreciate and participate in his three-dimensional world.2. You may not

39、ice that your baby can grab toys with either hand. This is partly because the baby has learned to grasp an object even if it touches his hand lightly or his eyes are averted. By the end of the fourth month, he can probably alternate hands to grab the toys or transfer a toy from one hand to the other

40、 He may even wave it briskly, then transfer it and repeat the waving, shuttling it back and forth between hands. In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby may be becoming aware that he can do the same thing with each arm and that each hand is distinct from the other. This aware

41、ness is important to his receiving information about space. The baby also begins to see himself act when he repeatedly reaches for and grasps things. He starts to distinguish himself from the outer world.3. If you would like another sign of this growth process, try one or Gesells measures of mental

42、growth, the behavior of a baby before a mirror. According to Gesell. a baby will smile at his image at around twenty weeks of age. Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there. He will probably attend most to his own image and perhaps smile at it. As his image returns the smil

43、e, he may become active and vocalize. He may also look back and forth between your image and you as if the duplication puzzles him. A baby who knows his mothers face cannot understand two of them. Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further. Hi

44、s turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination.4. An early attachment to one object a toy or a stuffed animal is another index of discrimination. as well as self-development, for the babys interests are going beyond hims

45、elf. Most babies do not prefer one toy this early, but some will. After exploring each toy. your baby may start reaching and playing with one special one. In the months co come, the toy or anything else the baby identifies with himself by wearing or carrying may become a “lovey“. A “lovey“ will be s

46、lept with, chewed, hugged, loved, and “talked to. “ These “loveies“ give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother. A friendly and familiar toy bear may just make him easier on himself. Rather than feeling threatened, a mother should be flattered by her babys extension

47、of affection elsewhere. A baby with the heart to find a “lovey“ is showing early mental resourcefulness and flexibility.（分数：20.00）(1).A. Gesells Measure of the Babys Mental GrowthB. Growth of the Baby Through Playing with ToysC. The Babys Confusion in Front of a MirrorD. Significance of Each Stage of Development in a Babys LifeE. The Babys Love for “Loveies“ Indicates Early Mental Resourcefulness and FlexibilityF. The Functions of a “Lovey“Paragraph 1 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 2 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 3 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 4 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_