职称英语卫生类A、B、C级综合试卷-54及答案解析.doc

1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-54 及答案解析(总分：100.03，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 2部分：阅读判断(总题数：5，分数：100.00)Privacy Worry May Keep HIV Patients from TherapyPatients infected with HIV are often concerned about the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patients are so worried that they will actually give up

2、treatment to prevent the release of this information, according to a report published in the August issue of AIDS Care.Dr. Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein and colleagues from Duke University, Durham. North Carolina, studied the confidentiality issues of 15 HIV-infected patients from rural North Carolina l

3、ocations. They were divided into groups designed to explore their attitudes toward, and experiences with, breaches in confidentiality.“The fear of a breach in confidentiality is definitely affecting the care that HIV-infected patients receive, “ Whetten-Goldstein said. “Most studied patients had exp

4、erienced or knew someone who had experienced a breach in confidentiality. “Two types of breaches occurred, “ Whetten-Goldstein noted. “The first was a more obvious type of breach. One example was a nurse who told her child that her patient was HIV-positive out of concern that her child would play wi

5、th the patients child. “The other type of breach was more subtle, one that providers might not consider breaches, “ Whetten-Goldstein explained. “This type of breach involves providers talking about a patients HIV status without the patients knowledge of the interaction. “The law allows the sharing

6、of information between providers within the same institution, but patients consent must be obtained before providers at different institutions can share information, “ she pointed out.“Patients in the study wanted providers to tell them when they are going to share information with other providers a

7、nd why it is being done,“ Whetten-Goldstein said. “They also felt that providers should be punished when a breach occurs. “However, because patients are often reluctant to seek legal action which may further expose their status, they felt that the system should regulate itself, “ she added.（分数：21.00

8、1).All patients in the study refuse to receive any treatment because of the possibility to expose their HIV status.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(2).Worry about breaches in confidentiality of the HIV status has nothing to do with the curative effects on patients.A. Right B. Wron

9、g C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(3).Medical workers of an institution cannot freely provide their HIV-patients information to those of other institutions.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(4).Whether an HIV-infected patient agrees to other (not his) medical workers sharing the inform

10、ation about his HIV status is one of the rights given by the constitution.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(5).Most patients in the study strongly object to the breaches in the confidentiality of their HIV status.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(6).Quite a few patien

11、ts will firmly defend their own right if such a breach occurs.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(7).Breaches in confidentiality are common in medical circles all over the world.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.Food and CancerMedical experts have suspected for many year

12、s that there is a strong link between what a person eats and cancer. They say a new study provides the first evidence that vitamins could reduce a persons chance of developing cancer. A team of Chinese and American scientists did the study. They are from American National Cancer Institute and the Ca

13、ncer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Beijing. The Journal of the National Cancer Institute published the results of the study. About thirty thousand people between the ages of 40 to 69 took part in the study. They were from the northern central Chinese area of Linxian. Most o

14、f them took vitamins and minerals every day for five years.Linxian was chosen because the people there have an extremely high rate of cancer of stomach and esophagus. Researchers believe that fungus and molds in local foods may be partly responsible for the high cancer rate. Researchers divided thos

15、e into eight groups. Seven of the groups received different mixtures of vitamins and minerals daily. The amounts of the vitamins and minerals were 1 to 2 times greater than what American health officials say is needed. The eighth group received sugar pills that had no effect. Those who seemed to gai

16、n the most received a mixture of a form of vitamin A called -carotene, vitamin E and the mineral selenium. The vitamin and mineral are believed to prevent damage to cells caused by cancer-causing substances. Researchers reported a 13 percent drop in cancer rates in those who took -carotene, vitamin

17、E and selenium. They also found a 10 percent drop in the number of deaths caused by strokes from bursting blood vessels.Scientists warn that it is too soon to know if the effect would be the same among people in other countries. They note that the people in Linxian eat foods that lack necessary vita

18、mins and minerals. Chinese officials will continue to record the health records of the people in Linxian for many years. For now officials reportedly are considering using the results of the study. They want to find a way to improve the health of people in Linxian and other small towns in China.（分数：

19、21.00）(1).The results of the new study are unexpected.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(2).Among the scientists that did the study, there are more Chinese than Americans.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(3).The study lasted for about five years.A. Right B. Wrong C. No

20、t mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(4).The rate of cancer of stomach and esophagus in Linxian is the highest in China.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(5).Fungus and molds in local foods may be partly responsible for the high cancer rate in Linxian.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A

21、B.C.(6).All those people who took part in the study received vitamins and minerals.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(7).The results of the study are of great significance to people everywhere.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.Stomach UlcerStomach ulcers are the cause

22、of severe pain for many people. Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers. They could not cure them. Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers. This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain. Studies show that ten percent of the population wil

23、l develop an ulcer at some time in their life. So a possible cure is good news for many people.Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears. These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach, the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines. Fl

24、uids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach. This pain often is called heartburn. It usually happens before eating or during the night. It causes some people t

25、o lose their desire to eat, or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs. Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids, which damaged stomach tissue. Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pi

26、lorie. H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach 1luid. Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics. Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs. They also believe curing ulc

27、ers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer. The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan, Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one. In fact a person with the family histor

28、y of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people. There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach. To do this, doctors say, people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alco

29、hol. And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.（分数：21.00）(1).In the past, doctors couldnt do anything about stomach ulcers.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(2).Now doctors can successfully cure stomach ulcers.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(3).Some pe

30、ople are likely to suffer from the stomach pain at some time in their life.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(4).Doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers after many years of experiments.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(5).There has been a change in doctors understand

31、ing of the cause of stomach ulcers.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(6).Stomach ulcers can lead to stomach cancer.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(7).People who eat a lot of spicy food are also susceptible to stomach ulcers.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）

32、A.B.C.What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that

33、dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person

34、to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatri

35、st Carl Jung was once a student of Freuds. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about

36、falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the Univers

37、ity of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults

38、 According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This i

39、s not true of womens dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing

40、 they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.（分数：21.00）(1).Not everyone agr

41、ees that dreams are meaningful.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(2).According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(3).Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not

42、 mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(4).In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(5).According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(6).Men and women dream about

43、different things.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(7).Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.Red Meat Links to Higher Risk of Breast CancerExercise and keeping a healthy weight are two things that doctors say might help women

44、lower their risk of breast cancer.Mothers may reduce their risk if they breastfeed for at least four months. For older women, hormone replacement therapy can lower the risk of some other diseases. But it has been found to increase the risk of breast cancer. So women should consider their choices car

45、efully. The same may be said for diet.New findings show that younger women who eat a lot of red meat have higher rates of breast cancers called hormone-receptor positive. The growth is fed by the levels of estrogen or another hormone, progesterone, in the body.Researchers at Brigham Womens Hospital

46、in Boston, Massachusetts, reported the findings as part of a health study of nurses. The researchers followed the health of more than 90,000 women from 1991 to 2003. Those who ate the most red meat ate more than one and one-half servings a day. A serving was defined as roughly 84 grams. Those who at

47、e the least red meat ate less than three servings a week. This is what the study found about breast cancers that were hormone receptor-positive: The women who ate the most red meat were almost two times as likely to get them as the women who ate the least of it.Eunyoung Cho, the lead author of the r

48、eport, says more research is needed to know the reason for the link. But in the past, researchers have suggested that three things may play a part. One is the way meat is cooked or processed. Another is the use of growth hormones in cows. And the third is the kind of iron in red meat. The study appe

49、ars in the Archives of Internal Medicine.And now we have more to tell you about our subject resveratrol. We discussed a study in the United States that found that large amounts of this plant compound helped fat mice live longer. The mice were fed much more resveratrol than people could get from red wine, one of the foods that contains it.Now, scientists in France say resveratrol also improves muscle performance again, at least in mice. They were able to run two times as far in laboratory treadmill tests as mice normally could. The study at the Institute of Genetics