职称英语综合及答案解析.doc

1、职称英语综合及答案解析(总分：-22.07，做题时间：120 分钟)1.He had been (forced) to give up much of his time to housework.（分数：-1.00）A.compelledB.demandedC.determinedD.required2.It took me a whole hour to (solve) the problem.（分数：-1.00）A.work atB.work onC.work outD.work over3.Your reasons for refusing to help are quite (vagu

2、e).（分数：-1.00）A.obviousB.typicalC.unclearD.unreasonable4.The economic reform in that country has been (accelerated).（分数：-1.00）A.speeded upB.put offC.slowed downD.stopped5.My little daughter kept pulling my hair and I was really (annoyed).（分数：-1.00）A.angryB.hurtC.troubledD.stimulating6.Limestone that

3、can be highly polished is (termed) marble.（分数：-1.00）A.improved byB.similar toC.known asD.substituted for7.He often (finds fault with) my work.（分数：-1.00）A.criticizesB.praisesC.evaluatesD.talks about8.(Subsequent) events proved the man to be right.（分数：-1.00）A.earlierB.laterC.previousD.recent9.It was v

4、ery hard to (grasp) what he actually meant.（分数：-1.00）A.controlB.reachC.catch on toD.scope on10.The short stories of Katherine Mansfield demonstrate her keen perceptions of human (character).（分数：-1.00）A.natureB.statusC.comedyD.appetite11.Peter was an (energetic) and athletic youth.（分数：-1.00）A.alertB.

5、awkwardC.activeD.skillful12.The boss put great (stress) on the workers so that they could work harder.（分数：-1.00）A.angerB.controlC.pressureD.nerve13.Its hard to (alter) ones habits.（分数：-1.00）A.changeB.developC.shortenD.enlarge14.The kinds of the oil use (affect) your health.（分数：-1.00）A.causeB.fancyC.

6、influenceD.increase15.Although you are busy, you must (allow for) your health.（分数：-1.00）A.attendB.take account ofC.put in the charge ofD.take charge ofUnited Nations A major segment of the Untied Nations is the General Assembly, which consists of representatives from all governments that have ratifi

7、ed the UN Charter. As of 1995,185 states had membership in the general Assembly. Additionally, the Vatican, Switzerland, and the Palestine Liberation Organization have nonvoting observer status in the General Assembly. The General Assembly approves the UNs budget, acts with the Security Council to s

8、elect the Secretary-general and judges of the International Court of Justice, and passes resolutions on issues ranging from self-determination and colonialism to womens rights and the global distribution of wealth. The General Assembly can meet and vote on any subject, unless the Security Council is

9、 dealing with it (or at least pretending to). However, its decisions only carry moral forceunlike the Councils. Theyre not binding in international laws. But the Assembly votes are an important opinion poll on how and what the majority of the world thinks about issues. “ Important questions“ need a

10、two-thirds vote of the Assembly to pass. The question of what is an important question isnt important. Its decided by the delegates themselvesby a simple majority. Although the General Assembly has not recognized authority to enforce its conclusions on anything other than internal UN matters, it mak

11、es its viewpoints on issues that are brought before it is known in one of the three ways. A General Assembly declaration is a broad statement of general principle such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, passed in 1948. Declarations are often put forward as an expression of an ideal, in pr

12、actice they are regularly ignored. A General Assembly resolution is essentially a document that recommends that member states take a particular policy action. States claim sovereignty and make their own decisions as to whether they will follow a General Assembly resolution. In some cases, however, i

13、f many states implement a particular resolution, other states that may not wish to act on the resolution may feel themselves pressured to do so anyway. At the very least, a resolution has the effect of legitimizing the policies of those states that wish to comply with the resolution. Finally, a Gene

14、ral Assembly convention, or treaty, has two meanings. The more comprehensive convention refers to multilateral treaties voted on by the General Assembly that, upon passage by the General Assembly, are carried back to the capitals of member states for ratification by whatever means each state uses do

15、mestically. In other cases, a General Assembly convention refers specifically to a treaty signed between the United Nations and the government of a nation-state, as when in 1956 Egypt agreed to allow United Nations peacekeeping forces to enter Egyptian territory. （分数：-0.98）(1).The General Assembly i

16、s responsible for dealing with the international matters.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(2).The Passage of important issues is decided by a two-thirds vote of the Assembly.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(3).The General Assembly have the authority to enforce its conclusions on approvi

17、ng UN budget.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(4).The General Assembly makes its viewpoints in the General Assembly ratification.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(5).The General Assembly presses its member states to implement its resolution.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(6).Anan

18、 was chosen as UN Secretary-general on the General Assembly.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(7).Multi-lateral treaties have to be ratified by the member state before it is passed by the General Assembly.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not MentionedAnatomy 1. The term anatomy comes from Greek anatom

19、y, “dissection“. It is a branch of natural science dealing with the structural organization of living things. The proper understanding of structure, however, implies a knowledge of function in the living organism. Anatomy is therefore almost inseparable from physiology, which is sometimes called fun

20、ctional anatomy. 2. It is convenient to subdivide the study of anatomy in several different ways. One classification is based on the type of organisms studied, the major subdivisions being plant anatomy and animal anatomy. Animal anatomy is further subdivided into human anatomy and comparative anato

21、my, which seeks out similarities and differences among animal types. Anatomy can also be subdivided into biological processes, for example, developmental anatomy, the study of embryos, and pathological anatomy, the study of diseased organs. 3. The oldest known systematic study of anatomy is containe

22、d in an Egyptian papyrus dating from about 1600 BC. In the 4th century BC Aristode increased anatomical knowledge of animals. The first real progress in the science of human anatomy was made in the following century by the Greek physicians Herophilus and Erasistratus, who dissected human cadavers (尸

23、体) and were the first to distinguish many functions , including those of the nervous and muscular systems. 4. Modern anatomy began with the publication in 1543 of the work of the Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius. Before the publication of this classical work anatomists had been so bound by traditi

24、on that the writings of authorities of more than 1000 years earlier, were accepted in lieu of actual observation. Vesalius and other Renaissance anatomists, however, based their descriptions on their own observations of human corpses, thus setting the pattern for subsequent study in anatomy. 5. The

25、17th-century invention of the compound microscope led to the development of microscopic anatomy. Under the leadership of the Italian anatomist Marcello Malpighi, the study of the microscopic structure of animals and plants flourished during the 17th century. Microscopic anatomy developed rapidly in

26、the 19th century. Knowledge of microscopic anatomy was greatly expanded during the 20th century as a result of the development of microscopes. A. The Beginning of research B. The subdivision of Anatomy C. The Beginning of Mordern Anatomy D. Anatomy in Ancient Times E. A Brief History of Microscopich

27、 Anatomy F. The definition of Anatomy （分数：-1.04）(1).Paragraph 1（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.F.(2).Paragraph 3（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 4（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(4).Paragraph 5（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(5).It can be inferred from the passage that before 1600 BC_（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(6).It means that microscopic anatom

28、y is bring up by_（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(7).The classification of anatomy is based on_（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(8).With the development of science and technology, you may conclude_（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.On Antibodies Substances foreign to the body, such as disease-causing bacteria and viruses and other infectious ag

29、ents, are recognized by the body s immune system as invaders. Our natural defenses against these infectious agents are antibodies, proteins that seek out the antigens (抗原) and help destroy them. Antibodies have two very useful characteristics. First, they are extremely specific; that is, each antibo

30、dy binds to and attacks one particular antigen. Second, some antibodies, once activated by the occurrence of a disease, continue to confer resistance against that disease. Classic example are the antibodies to the childhood diseases of chickenpox(水痘) and measles. The second characteristic of antibod

31、ies makes it possible to develop vaccines. A vaccine (痘苗) is a preparation of killed or weakened bacteria or viruses that, when introduced into the body, stimulates the production of antibodies against the antigens it contains. It is the first trait of antibodies, their specificity, that makes monoc

32、lonal antibody technology so valuable. Not only can antibodies be used therapeutically(在治疗上), to protect against disease; they can also help to .diagnose a wide variety of illnesses, and can detect the presence of drugs, viral and bacterial products, and other unusual or abnormal substances in the b

33、lood. Given such a diversity of uses for these diseased-fighting substances, their production in pure quantities has long been the focus of scientific investigation. The conventional method was to inject a laboratory animal with an antigen and then, after antibodies had been formed, collect those an

34、tibodies from the blood serum(血清) (Antibody containing blood serum is called antiserum (抗血清). There are two problems with this method: It yields antiserum that contains undesired substances, and it provides a very small amount of usable antibody. Monoclonal antibody technology allows us to produce l

35、arge amounts of pure antibodies. in the following way: we can obtain cells that produce antibodies naturally; we also have available a class of cells that can grow continually in cell culture (培养). If we form a hybrid (混血儿) that combines the characteristic of “immortality“(永生)with the ability to pro

36、duce the desired substance, we would have, in effect, a factory to produce antibodies that work around the clock. In monoclonal antibody technology, tumor cells that can replicate (重复) endlessly are fused with mammalian cells that produce an antibody. The result of this cell fusion is a “hybridoma“

37、杂交瘤), which will continually produce antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal because they come from only one type of cell, the hybridoma cell; antibodies produced by conventional methods, on the other hand, are derived from preparations containing many kinds of cells, and hence are calle

38、d polyclonal. An example of how monoclonal antibodies are derived is described below. A myeloma is a tumor of the bone marrow (骨髓) that can be adapted to grow permanendy in cell culture. When myeloma cells were fused with antibody-producing mammalian spleen cells, it was found that the resulting hyb

39、rid cells, or hybridomas, produced large amounts of monoclonal(骨髓瘤) antibody. This product of cell fusion combined the desired qualities of the two different types of cells: the ability to grow continually, and the ability to produce large amounts of pure antibody. Because selected hybrid cells prod

40、uce only one specific antibody, they are more pure than the polyclonal antibodies produced by conventional techniques. They are potentially more effective than conventional drugs in fighting disease, since drugs attack not only the foreign substance but the bodys own cells as well, sometimes produci

41、ng undesirable side effects such as nausea(恶心) and allergic reactions. Monoclonal antibodies attack the target molecule and only the target molecule, with no or greatly diminished side effects. （分数：-1.00）(1).Which of the following substances is not an invader to the bodys immune system?（分数：-0.20）A.d

42、isease-causing bacteriaB.disease-causing virusesC.antigensD.protein(2).All the following statements about antibodies are true except_.（分数：-0.20）A.each antibody attack one particular antigenB.all the antibodies resist against the disease when activatedC.the antibodies that attack measles, once activa

43、ted, continue to confer resistance against measlesD.a vaccine can stimulate the production of antibodies(3).Which of the following functions done NOT belong to antibodies?（分数：-0.20）A.To clone (克隆) themselvesB.To be used therapeuticallyC.To be diagnose some diseasesD.To find out whether something for

44、eign is in the blood(4).The polyclonal antibodies are different from the monoclonal ones in all the following ways except that_.（分数：-0.20）A.the productive techniques are differentB.the former contains some undesired substancesC.the former attacks the foreign substanceD.the former produces side effec

45、ts, that is, attack the bodys own cells(5).Which of the following statements is false?（分数：-0.20）A.The conventional method produces the polyclonal antibodies.B.The conventional method provides a very small amount of antibody.C.Hybridoma can produce antibodies around the clock.D.Antibody might be an i

46、nvader to the bodys immune system.Modern Drugs Doctors, sixty years ago, could do little to help victims of polio. Serious cases usually ended in death. In 1955, a vaccine was developed that prevented the disease. Today, polio is no longer a major health problem. Many of the most important drugs tha

47、t doctors prescribe today have been developed in the last 30 years. Modern drugs are complex, specific and powerful. People need to know more about drugs in order to use them safely. Early people discovered by accident that some of the plants growing around them seemed useful to heal sores, relieve

48、pain, or even cure diseases. These plants were the first drugs. Now plants are still the source of some drugs. Quinine, for example, is a bitter-tasting drug used to treat the chills and fever of malaria and to reduce attacks of the disease. It is made from the bark of the cinchona tree, which grows

49、 in the Andes Mountains. The Indians of that region were the first to use the bark as a medicine. The Spanish people probably brought it to Europe in the early 1600s. Chemists learned how to get the pure drug from the bark and in 1944; it was made artificially in the laboratory. Other important drugs, such as hormones and vaccines, are obtained from animals. But most of the modern drugs come from chemical combinations worked out by research scientists. Most people never see drugs in their simple form as chemicals. Instead, they are see