专业八级-190及答案解析.doc

1、专业八级-190 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication is usually referred to as the “hidden dimension“ of communication, which is at times so (1) _ that we (1) _. hardly recognize it. Our intense emotions are usually conveyed by gestures,

2、 body position, facial expression, vocal (2) _, eye contact, use of (3) (2) _. _, and touching. (3) _ Two points about how nonverbal communication functions: -The nonverbal cues are sometimes the only way to communicate. -The nonverbal cues can help interpret the verbal message. The cues can signal

3、the message of humor and (4) _. (4) _. Another area of nonverbal communication: Body bubbles, also termed (5) _, refers to our personal space. (5) _. Were seldom conscious of body bubbles until somebody comes too close or (6) _ our private space. We tend to adapt our body position when our (6) _. (7

4、) _ are invaded. (7) _. Many factors that influence body bubbles: a. Personal (8) _. (8) _ b. The social context. c. Gender relationship. d. (9) _ (9) _. The conversational space between two Latin American people is (10) _ than the space between two Asian people. (10) _（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:

5、填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).The conversation is primarily concerned with _.（分数：1.00）A.the development of the rubber industry in MalaysiaB.the impact of rubber industry on MalaysiaC.the uneven distribution of wealth in MalaysiaD.the current situa

6、tion in Malaysia(2).What percentage does rubber industry account for in the Gross National Product in Malaysia?（分数：1.00）A.12%.B.20%.C.30%.D.13%.(3).Malaysia is in a good position internationally because _.（分数：1.00）A.it produces a large amount of rubber oil every yearB.it is rich in fossil resourcesC

7、it is rich in rubber resourcesD.it is a wealthy country with a large population(4).How many people are involved with the production of rubber in Malaysia?（分数：1.00）A.13 million.B.7 million.C.3 million.D.30 million.(5).Which of the following is NOT the problem a smallholder of rubber business has to

8、face in Malaysia?（分数：1.00）A.Financial problems.B.Boredom.C.Fatigue.D.Lack of insurance schemes.三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)(1).Apple was the first to make popular _.（分数：1.00）A.Windows operating systemB.a graphical user interfaceC.the use of iconsD.the use of personal computer(2).When did Apple star

9、ted to sell shares to the public?（分数：1.00）A.In 1980.B.In 1984.C.In 1976.D.In 1986.(3).When did Apple released the first Macintosh?（分数：1.00）A.In 1981.B.In 1982.C.In 1984.D.In 1994.I Questions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer

10、each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).According to the findings by the American researchers, what is of help in relieving patients pain and worry?（分数：1.00）A.Brain.B.Skin.C.Medicine.D.A sharp needle.(2).Magnetic resonance imaging devices can show _.（分数：1.00）A.dependence on illegal drug

11、sB.targeted points on the bodyC.the change in the flow of bloodD.whether a patient can be treated by acupuncture四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BAccording to legend, Aesculapius bore two daughters, Panacea and Hyegeia, who gave rise to dynasties of healers and hygienists. The schism (分离)rema

12、ins today, in clinical training and in practice; and, because of the imperative nature of medical care and the subtlety of health care, the former, has tended to dominate. Preventive medicine has as its primary objective the maintenance and promotion of health. It accomplishes this by controlling or

13、 manipulating environmental factors that affect health and disease. For example, in California presently there is serious suffering and substantial economic loss because of the failure to introduce controlled fluoridation(加氟作用)of public water supplies. Additionally, preventive medicine applies proph

14、ylactic(预防性的) measures against disease by such actions as immunization and specific nutritional measures. Third, it attempts to motivate people to adopt healthful lifestyles through education.For the most part, curative medicine has as its primary objective the removal of disease from the patient. I

15、t provides diagnostic techniques to identify the presence and nature of the disease process. While these may be applied on a mass basis in an attempt to “screen“ out persons with preclinical disease, they are usually applied after the patient appears with a complaint. Second, it applies treatment to

16、 the sick patient. In every case, this is, or should be, individualized according to the particular need of each patient. Third, it utilizes rehabilitation methodologies to return the treated patient to the best possible level of functioning.While it is true that both preventive medicine and curativ

17、e medicine require cadres of similarly trained personnel such as planners, administrators, and educators, the underlying delivery systems depend on quite distinctive professional personnel. The requirements for curative medicine call for clinically trained individuals who deal with patients on a one

18、to-one basis and whose training is based primarily on an understanding of the biological, pathological, and psychological processes that determine an individuals health and disease status. The locus (地点)for this training is the laboratory and clinic. Preventive medicine, on the other hand, calls fo

19、r a very broad spectrum of professional personnel, few of whom require clinical expertise. Since their actions apply either to environmental situations or to population groups, their training takes place in a different type of laboratory or in a community not necessarily associated with the clinical

20、 locus.The economic differences between preventive medicine and curative medicine have been extensively discussed, perhaps most convincingly by Winslow in the monograph The Cost of Sickness and the Price of Hearth. Sickness is almost always a negative, nonproductive and harmful state. All resources

21、expended to deal with sickness are therefore fundamentally economically unproductive. Health, on the other hand, has a very high value in our culture. To the extent that healthy members of the population are replaced by sick members, the economy is doubly burdened. Nevertheless, the per capita cost

22、of preventive measures for: specific diseases is generally far lower than the per capita cost of curative medicine applied to treatment of the same disease. Prominent examples are dental caries(蛀牙), poliomyelitis(脊髓灰质炎) and phenylketonuria(苯丙酮尿).There is an imperative need to provide care for the si

23、ck person within a single medical care system, but there is no overriding reason why a linkage is necessary between the two components of a health care system, prevention and treatment. A national health and medical care program composed of semiautonomous systems for personal health care and medical

24、 care would have the advantage of clarifying objectives and strategies and of permitting a more equitable division of resources between prevention and cure.（分数：4.00）(1).The authors primary concern is to _.（分数：1.00）A.refute a counterargumentB.draw a distinctionC.discuss a dilemmaD.isolate causes(2).I

25、t can be inferred that the author regards a program of controlled fluoridation of public water supplies as _.（分数：1.00）A.an unnecessary government program that wastes economic resourcesB.a potentially valuable strategy of preventive medicineC.a government policy that has relatively little effect on t

26、he health of a populationD.an important element of curative medicine(3).Which of the following best explains the authors use of the phrase “doubly burdened“ in Para. 4?（分数：1.00）A.A person who is iii does not contribute to production; treatment consumes economic resources.B.The per capita cost of pre

27、ventive measures is only one-half of the per capita cost of treatment.C.The division between preventive medicine and curative medicine requires duplication of administrative expenses.D.The individual who is ill must be rehabilitated after the cure has been successful.(4).It can be inferred that the

28、author regards Winslows monograph (in Para. 4) as _.（分数：1.00）A.ill-conceivedB.incompleteC.authoritativeD.well organizedBTEXT B/BTwo techniques have recently been developed to simplify research and reduce the number of nonhuman primates needed in studies of certain complex hormonal reactions. One tec

29、hnique involves the culturing of primate pituitary(垂体)cells and the cells of certain human tumors. In the other, animal oviduct (输卵管) tissue is transplanted under the skin of laboratory primates. Both culturing techniques complement existing methods of studying intact(完整的) animals.With an in vitro c

30、ulturing technique, researchers are deciphering how biochemical agents regulate the secretion of prolactin(催乳激素), the pituitary hormone that promotes milk production. The cultured cells survive for as long as a month, and they do not require serum (血清), a commonly used culture ingredient that can in

31、fluence cellular function and confound study results. One primate pituitary gland may yield enough cells for as many as 72 culture dishes, which otherwise would require as many animals.The other technique allows scientists to monitor cellular differentiation in the reproductive tracts of female monk

32、eys. While falling short of the long-sought goal of developing an in vitro model of the female reproductive system, the next-best alternative was achieved. The method involves transplanting oviduct tissue to an easily accessible site under the skin, where the grafted cells behave exactly as if they

33、were in their normal environment. In about 80 percent of the grafts, blood vessels in surrounding abdominal skin grow into and begin nourishing the oviduct tissue. Otherwise, the tissue is largely isolated, walled off by the surrounding skin. A cyst(囊胞) forms that shrinks and swells in tandem(一前一后的串

34、联) with stages of the menstrual cycle. With about 80 percent of the grafts reestablishing themselves in the new site, a single monkey may bear as many as 20 miniature oviducts that are easily accessible for study. Because samples are removed with a simple procedure requiring only local anesthesia, s

35、cientists can track changes in oviduct cells over short intervals. In contrast, repeated analysis of cellular changes within the oviduct itself would require abdominal surgery every time a sample was taken a procedure that the animals could not tolerate.Scientists are using the grafting technique to

36、 study Chlamydia (衣原体)infections, a leading cause of infertility among women. By infecting oviduct tissues transplanted into the abdominal skin of rhesus (罗猴)monkeys, researchers hope to determine how the bacteria cause pelvic inflammatory disease and lesions(损害)that obstruct the oviduct. Such resea

37、rch could eventually lead to the development of antibodies to the infectious agent and a strategy for producing a Chlamydia vaccine.（分数：4.00）(1).This passage deals primarily with _.（分数：1.00）A.reproductive organs of nonhuman primatesB.diseases of the pituitary glandsC.in vitro studies of pituitary ho

38、rmonesD.techniques for studying hormonal reactions(2).According to the passage, the primary benefit of the new research is that _.（分数：1.00）A.scientists can study the pituitary gland for the first timeB.the procedures are simpler and require fewer laboratory animalsC.the study of intact laboratory an

39、imals has now been rendered obsoleteD.researchers were able to discover prolactin(3).All of the following are true of the transplantation technique EXCEPT that _.（分数：1.00）A.it avoids the need for subjecting a laboratory subject to repeated major surgeryB.it permits scientists to monitor changes freq

40、uentlyC.the transplanted cells grow as they would in their normal siteD.the transplanted cells can be easily grown in vitro(4).According to the passage, Chlamydia causes infertility in women by _.（分数：1.00）A.causing tissue changes which block the oviductB.shrinking and swelling tissues in conjunction

41、 with the menstrual cycleC.allowing skin tissue to encyst reproductive tissueD.necessitating abdominal surgery to remove damaged tissueBTEXT C/BIn the summer of 999, Leif Erikson voyaged to Norway and spent the following winter with King Olaf Tryggvason. Substantially the same account is given by bo

42、th the Saga of Eric the Red and the Flat Island Book. The latter says nothing about Leifs return voyage to Greenland, but according to the former it was during this return voyage that Leif discovered America. The Flat Island Book, however, tells of another and earlier landfall by Biarni, the son of

43、a prominent man named Heriulf, and makes that the inspiration for the voyage to the new land by Leif. In brief, like Leif, Biarni and his companions sight three countries in succession before reaching Greenland, and to come upon each new land takes 1 “doegr“ (time record) more than the last until Bi

44、arni comes to land directly in front of his fathers house in the last-mentioned country.This narrative has been rejected by most later writers, and they may be justified. Possibly, Biarni was a companion of Leif when he voyaged from Norway to Greenland via America, or it may be that the entire tale

45、is but a garbled account of that voyage and Biarni another name for Leif. It should be noted, however, that the stories of Leifs visit to King Olaf and Biarnis to that kings predecessor are in the same narrative in the Flat Island Book, so there is less likelihood of duplication than if they were fr

46、om different sources. Also, Biarni landed on none of the lands he passed, but Leif apparently landed on one, for he brought back specimens of wheat, vines, and timber. Nor is there any good reason to believe that the first land visited by Biarni was Wineland. The first land was “level and covered wi

47、th woods,“ and “there were small hillocks upon it.“ Of forests, later writers do not emphasize them particularly in connection with Wineland, though they are often noted incidentally; and of hills, the Saga says of Wineland only that “wherever there was hilly ground, there were vines.“Additionally,

48、if the two narratives were taken from the same source we should expect a closer resemblance of Helluland. The Saga says of it: “They found there hellus (large flat stones).“ According to the Biarni narrative, however, “this land was high and mountainous.“ The intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 “doegr“ in both narratives are suggestive, but mythic formulas of this kind may be introduced into narratives without altogether destroying their historicity. It is also held against the Biarni narrative that its h