专业八级-255及答案解析.doc

1、专业八级-255 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BMarriage in Ancient Egypt/B The ancient Egyptians held marriage as a sacred bond. Each person in a family played his or her own role. Marriage and a close family played anU (1) /Urole in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians were en

2、couraged to marry young because theU (2) /Uat this time was relatively short. One of the mostU (3) /Utitles you could call your love was “brother“ or “sister“, though marriage between siblings was not a common phenomenon. Wedding Day: The bride merely moved her belongings into the home of her husban

3、d. Though there was no official ceremony, there were bound to beU (4) /Uin honor of the uniting couple. Before the 26th dynasty when a girl was going to enter into a marriage, her father had theU (5) /U. Marriage Contract: Marriage settlements were drawn up between a womans father arid her future hu

4、sband. Its sole purpose was to establish the rights of both parties toU (6) /Uand possessions during the marriage and after divorce. The finished contract was given to a third party forU (7) /U. Due to the contract system that provided such far-reaching safeguards for theU (8) /Urights of wives and

5、children that most men could only afford one wife at a time. During the early periods of ancient Egypt, the further husband made a payment to the brides father. Later this practice abandoned and later it wasU (9) /U. Divorce: A woman could divorce her husband for mental or physical cruelty or adulte

6、ry. With theU (10) /Uof marriage and divorce and the financial protection, she generally received divorce.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).According to the interview, how many people have been added to the Earths populat

7、ion in the past century?（分数：1.00）A.More than two billion.B.More than three billion.C.More than Four billion.D.More than Six billion.(2).Which of the following is not a factor that has contributed to the rapid population growth?（分数：1.00）A.Now, there are no wins and people live in a peaceful world.B.M

8、ore children can live to their adulthood and have their own children.C.People live longer now than in the past.D.People immunize many fatal diseases of which many people died.(3).Which part of the world did NOT experience the negative population growth?（分数：1.00）A.America.B.Australia.C.Asia.D.Europe.

9、(4).If a country has a population of 20 million and its rate of natural population increase is 2% , after 34 years, the country will have a population of _.（分数：1.00）A.80 millionB.60 millionC.50 millionD.40 million(5).The population of America continue to grow because of _.（分数：1.00）A.its growing birt

10、h ratesB.the migration of persons from other countriesC.its good health conditionD.its longer life expectancy三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)(1).According to the news, who killed the villagers?（分数：1.00）A.Suspected Muslim militants.B.Suspected Algerian militants.C.Suspected Islamic civilians.D.Suspected

11、 Algerian civilians.(2).Who claimed responsibility for the attack?（分数：1.00）A.Nobody.B.Muslim militants.C.An Islamic organization.D.The Algerian government.IQuestions 8 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen

12、 to the news./I（分数：3.00）(1).What is the problem with Russias space station?（分数：1.00）A.It has lost its primary 6xygen sources.B.It has lost its backup oxygen sources.C.It has lost both the primary and the backup oxygen sources.D.It has last neither the primary or the backup oxygen sources.(2).What pr

13、oblems has the space station experienced in the past six months?（分数：1.00）A.Generator malfunction.B.Computer error.C.A collision with another station.D.All the above.(3).There are _ Russian(s) and _ American(s) on board.（分数：1.00）A.one, oneB.one, twoC.two, twoD.two, one四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：20.00)

14、BTEXT A/BSince the late 1970s, in the face of a severe 10ss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity and therefore enhance their international competitiveness through cost-cuttig programs. (Cost-cutting here is defining the

15、amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity - the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input - did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improv

16、ements during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same, it became clear the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive edge.With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing pr

17、oductivity is fundamentally flawed. Manufacturing regularly observes a “40, 40, 20“ rule. Roughly 40 percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of facilities) and in appr

18、oaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on implementing conventional east-cutting. This rule does not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach - including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work

19、 smarter, not harder - do produce results. But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people. As Abernathys study of automobile manufacturers has shown, an industry can easily become

20、 prisoner of its own investment in cast-cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which the

21、y are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching, mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative

22、managers.Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy facturing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process

23、 technology. In one company a mamufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cast-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies, successful companies

24、are. also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.（分数：4.00）(1).The author of t. he passage is primarily concerned with _.（分数：1.00）A.summarizing a thesisB.recommending a diff

25、erent approachC.comparing points of viewD.making a series of predictions(2).The author s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as _.（分数：1.00）A.cautiousB.criticalC.disinterestedD.respectful(3).In the passage, the author includes all of the following EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.a bus

26、iness principleB.a definition of productivityC.an example of a successful companyD.an illustration of a process technology(4).The author suggests that implementing manufacturing competitiveness is a strategy that is _.（分数：1.00）A.flawed and ruinousB.shortsighted and difficult to sustainC.popular and

27、easily accomplishedD.useful but inadequateBTEXT B/BThe year which preceded my fathers death made great change in my life. I had been living in New Jersey, working defense plants, working and living among southerners, white and black. I knew about the south, of course, and about how southerners treat

28、ed Negroes and how they expected them to behave, but it had never entered my mind that anyone would look at me and expect me to behave that way. I learned in New Jersey that to be a Negro meant, precisely, that one was never locked at but was simply at the mercy of the reflexes of the color of ones

29、skin caused in other people. I acted in New Jersey as I had always acted, that is as though I thought a great deal of myself - I had to act that way - with results that were, simply, unbelievable. I had scarcely arrived before I had earned the enmity, which was extraordinarily ingenious, of all my s

30、uperiors and nearly all my co-workers. In the beginning, to make matters worse, I simply did not know what was happening. I did not know what had done, and I shortly began to wonder what anyone could possibly do, to bring about such unanimous, active, and unbearably vocal hostility. I knew about jim

31、-crow but I had never experienced it. I went to the same self-service restaurant three times and stood with all the Princeton boys before the counter, waiting for a hamburger and coffee; it was always an extraordinarily long time before anything was set before me: I had simply picked something up. N

32、egroes were not served there, I was told, and they had been waiting for me to realize that I was always the only Negro present. Once I was told this, I determined to go there all the time. But now they were ready for me and, though some dreadful scenes were subsequently enacted in that restaurant, I

33、 never ate there again.It was same story all over New Jersey, in bars, bowling alleys, diners, places to live. I was always being forced to leave, silently, or with mutual imprecations. I very shortly became notorious and children giggled behind me when I passed and their elders whispered or shouted

34、 - they really believed that I was mad. And it did begin to work on my mind, of course; I began to be afraid to go anywhere and to compensate for this I went places to which I really should not have gone and where, God knows, I had no desire to be. My reputation in town naturally enhanced my reputat

35、ion at work and my working day became one long series of acrobatics designed to keep me out of trouble. I cannot say that these acrobatics night, with but one aim: to eject me. I was fired once, and contrived, with the aid of a friend from New York, to get back on the payroll was fired again, and bo

36、unced back again. It took a while to fire me for the third time, but the third time took. There ware no loopholes anywhere. There was not even any way of getting back inside the gates.That year in New Jersey lives in my mind as though it were the year during which, having an unsuspected predilection

37、 for it, I first contracted some dread, chronic disease, the unfailing symptom of which is kind of blind fever, a pounding in the skull and fire in the bowels. Once this disease is contracted, one can never be really carefree again, for the fever, without an instants warning, can recur at any moment

38、. It can wreck more important race relations. There is not a Negro alive who does not have this rage in his blood - one has the choice, merely, of living with it consciously or surrendering to it. As for me, this fever has recurred in me, and does, and will until the day I die.My last night in New J

39、ersey, a white friend from New York took me to the nearest big town, Trenton, to go to the movies and have a few drinks. As it turned out, he also saved me from, at the very least, a violent whipping. Almost every, detail of that night stands out very dearly in my memory. I even remember the name of

40、 the movie we saw because its title impressed me as being so partly ironical. It was a movie about the German occupation of France, starring Maureen O Hara and Charles Laughton and called This Land Is Mine. I remember the name of the diner we walked into when the movie ended. It was the “American Di

41、ner“. When we walked in the counterman asked what we wanted and I remember answering with the casual sharpness which had become my habit: “We want a hamburger and a cup of coffee, what do you think we want?“ I de not know why, after a year of such rebuffs, I so completely failed to anticipate his an

42、swer, which was, of course, “We dont serve Negroes here. “ This reply failed to discompose me, at least for the moment. I made some sardonic comment about the name of the diner and we walked out into the streets.This was the time of what was called the “brown-out“, when the lights in all American ci

43、ties were very dim. When we reentered the streets something happened to me which had the force of an optical illusion, or a nightmare. The streets were very crowded and I was facing north. People were moving in every direction but it seemed to me, in that instant, that all of the people I could see,

44、 and many more than that, were moving toward me, against me, and that everyone was white. I remember how their faces string connecting my head to my body had been cut. I began to walk. I heard my friend call after me, but I ignored him. Heaven only knows what was going on in his mind, but he had the

45、 good sense not to touch me - I dont know what would have happened if he had - and to keep me in sight. 1 don t know what was going on in my mind, either: I certainly had no conscious plan. I wanted to do something to crush these white faces, which were crushing mc. I walked for perhaps a block or t

46、wo until I came to an enormous, glittering, and fashionable restaurant in which I knew not even the intercession of the Virgin would cause me to be served. I pushed through the doors and look the first vacant seat I saw, at a table or two, and waited.I do not know how long I waited and I rather wond

47、er, until today, what I could possibly have looked like. Whatever I looked towards her. I hated her for her white face, and for her great, astounded, frightened eyes. I felt that if she found a black man so frightening I would make her fright worthwhile.She did not ask me what wanted, but repeated,

48、as though she had learned it somewhere, “We dont serve Negroes here.“ She did not say it with the blunt, derisive hostility to which I had grown so accustomed, but, rather, with a note of apology in her voice, and fear. This made me colder and more murderous than ever. I felt I had to do something with my hands. I wanted her to come close enough for me to get her neck between my hands.So I pretended not m have understood her, hoping to draw her closer. And she did step a very short step closer, with her pencil poised in