专业八级-584及答案解析.doc

1、专业八级-584 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：15.00). Urban problems 1) problems to both developed and developing countries, like 1 , unemployment, traffic 2 , pollution, etc. 2) problems peculiar to developing countries: the need to create 3

2、. Main consequences of 4 urbanization 1) 5 of people from the country to the city 2) 6 of rural areas 3) urban population 7 4) pressure on the supply of social 8 in urban areas health: 9 made worse by overcrowding people from the country to the city education: need for more schools and 10 5) an exce

3、ss of labor supply, which in turn leads to 11 activities . 12 to stem uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries 1) to promote a more equal 13 2) to improve the supply of social services in the rural areas, particularly in health and 14 3) to give 15 to agriculture, especially to small land o

4、wners （分数：15.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：10.00)Now, listen to Part One of the interview. Questions 1 to 5 are based on Part One of the interview, （分数：5.00）A.How to improve the treatment of

5、doctors.B.How to give doctors better skills to communicate bad news.C.How to enhance the expertise of doctors.D.How to avoid medical disputes.A.The University of Washington,B.The National Cancer Institute.C.The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.D.Seattle University.A.Some of the doctors are bor

6、n with the ability.B.Some doctors don“t deem this ability important,C.Most doctors can develop the ability by interacting with patients.D.Doctors can acquire the ability by seeing good models and practicing.A.Tell the patient directly.B.Tell the patient everything is OK.C.Ask the patient about his e

7、xpectation.D.Ask the patient to contact his family.A.To address the cognitive reaction and the physical side of it.B.To address physical and the emotional side of it.C.To address the psychological and the physical side of it.D.To address the cognitive reaction and the emotional side of it.Now, liste

8、n to Part Two of the interview. Questions 6 to 10 are based on Part Two of the interview. （分数：5.00）A.Distance themselves from the patient.B.Be direct and concrete.C.Use euphemisms to tell the patients what“s happening to them.D.Hide the truth from the patient.A.You will die soon.B.The cancer has com

9、e back.C.You have a malignancy.D.Your liver has hypo-densities.A.Patients should be hided from all the information.B.Doctors make all the decisions themselves.C.The family of the patients make the decisions for the patients.D.Patients emphasize on autocracy.A.His experience with many cancer patients

10、.B.His suffering of the mother“s death.C.His conversation with a senior physician.D.His experience as an oncology trainee.A.Advertisements.B.Business talks.C.Entertainments.D.News.四、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、SECTION A MULTIPLE-C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、PASSAGE ONE(总题数：1，分数：3.00)My own sex, I hope,

11、will excuse me, if I treat them like rational creatures, instead of flattering their fascinating graces, and viewing them as if they were in a state of perpetual childhood, unable to stand alone. I earnestly wish to point out in what true dignity and human happiness consistsI wish to persuade women

12、to endeavor to acquire strength, both of mind and body, and to convince them that the soft phrases, susceptibility of heart, delicacy of sentiment, and refinement of taste, are almost synonymous with epithets of weakness, and that those beings who are only the objects of pity and that kind of love,

13、which has been termed its sister, will soon become objects of contempt. Animated by this important object, I shall disdain to cull my phrases or polish my style: I aim at being useful, and sincerity will render me unaffected, for, wishing rather to persuade by the force of my arguments than dazzle b

14、y the elegance of my language, I shall not waste my time in rounding periods, nor in fabricating the turgid bombast of artificial feelings, which, coming from the head, never reach the heart. I shall be employed about things, not word! And, anxious to render my sex more respectable members of societ

15、y, I shall try to avoid that flowery diction which has slid from essays into novels, and from novels into familiar letters and conversation. The education of women has, of late, been more attended to than formerly, yet they are still reckoned a frivolous sex, and ridiculed or pitied by the writers w

16、ho endeavor by satire or instruction to improve them. It is acknowledged that they spend many of the first years of their lives in acquiring a smattering of accomplishments: meanwhile strength of body and mind are sacrificed to libertine notions of beauty, to the desire of establishing themselvesthe

17、 only way women can rise in the worldby marriage. And this desire making mere animals of them, when they marry they act as such children may be expected to actthey dress, they paint, and nickname God“s creatures. Surely these weak beings are only fit for a seraglio!Can they be expected to govern a f

18、amily with judgment, or take care of the poor babes whom they bring into the world? If then it can be fairly deduced from the present conduct of the sex, from the prevalent fondness for pleasure which takes place of ambition and those nobler passions that open and enlarge the soul: that the instruct

19、ion which women have received has only tended, with the constitution of civil society, to render them insignificant objects of desiremere propagators of fools!If it can be proved that in aiming to accomplish them, without cultivating their understandings, they are taken out of their sphere of duties

20、, and made ridiculous and useless when their short-lived bloom of beauty is over. I presume that rational men will excuse me for endeavoring to persuade them to become more masculine and respectable. Indeed the word masculine is only a bugbear: there is little reason to fear that women will acquire

21、too much courage or fortitude, for their apparent inferiority with respect to bodily strength, must render them, in some degree, dependent on men in the various relations of life. But why should it be increased by prejudices that give a sex to virtue, and confound simple truths with sensual reveries

22、? Women are, in fact, so much degraded by mistaken notions of female excellence, that I do not mean to add a paradox when I assert, that this artificial weakness produces a propensity to tyrannize, and gives birth to cunning, the natural opponent of strength, which leads them to play off those conte

23、mptible infantile airs that undermine esteem ever whilst they excite desire. Let men become more chaste and modest, and if women do not grow wiser in the same ratio, it will be clear that they have weaker understandings. It seems scarcely necessary to say, that 1 now speak of the sex in general. Man

24、y individuals have more sense than their male relatives: and, as nothing preponderates where there is a constant struggle for an equilibrium, without it has naturally more gravity, some women govern their husbands without degrading themselves, because intellect will always govern.（分数：3.00）(1).What d

25、oes the author think of elegant language in writing?（分数：1.00）A.It can make writing more persuasive.B.It can influence readers by reaching their heart.C.It can lead to readers“ aversion.D.It“s too superficial.(2).According to the passage, marriage is now considered as _.（分数：1.00）A.the tomb to loveB.t

26、he sacrifice of womenC.the only way women can gain their rightsD.the only way women can stand in the world(3).What can be inferred from the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Men will be afraid of women“s increasing courage.B.It“s impossible for women to govern the whole family.C.Education of women both reflects an

27、d fosters women“s concept of frivolity.D.Female excellence is a justified concept in today“s society.七、PASSAGE TWO(总题数：1，分数：3.00)Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brain“s physical deterioration. It is know

28、n that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage. “That may seem like bad news,“ said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a

29、professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down. The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is

30、the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the “reserve“ hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain tissue to spare. Examining b

31、rain scans of 320 healthy men and women ages 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrinkage of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal. “E

32、veryone has some degree of brain shrinkage,“ Coffey said. “People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood.“ There is, however, a “remarkable range“ of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differenc

33、es in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain-tissue loss throughout adulthood. In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the

34、mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss. Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid means the greater the cortical shrinkage. Controlling for the health factors that contr

35、ibute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. For example, Coffey“s team reported, among subjects of th

36、e same sex and similar age and skull size, those with 16 years of education had 8 percent to 10 percent more cerebrospinal fluid compared with those who had four years of schooling. Of course, achieving a particular education level is not the definitive measure of someone“s mental capacity. And, sai

37、d Coffey, education can be “a proxy for many things“. More-educated people, he noted, are often less likely to have habits, such as smoking, that harm overall health. But Coffey said that his team“s findings suggest that like the body, the brain benefits from exercise. “The question is whether by co

38、ntinuing to exercise the brain we can forestall the effects of (brain shrinkage),“ he said. “My hunch is that we can.“ According to Coffey, people should strive throughout life to keep their brains alert by exposing themselves to new experiences. Traveling is one way to stimulate the brain, he said,

39、 a less adventuresome way is to do crossword puzzles. “A hot topic down the road,“ Coffey said, will be whether education even late in life has a protective effect against mental decline. Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. In their report, the researchers speculated that in peop

40、le with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.（分数：3.00）(1).According to this passage, all of the following factors could account for brain shrinkage EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.moodB.high blood pressureC.alcoholD.age(2).Which of

41、the following statements is CORRECT?（分数：1.00）A.Brain shrinkage usually begins when a person is 66 years old.B.The brain of an adult person shrinks 2.5% every 10 years.C.The cerebrospinal fluid of a person with more years of education may increase only slightly.D.The cerebrospinal fluid of a person c

42、an imply the severity of mental decline.(3).It can be concluded from the passage that education can _.（分数：1.00）A.enhance mental developmentB.protect the brain from mental declineC.prevent the brain from shrinkingD.compensate for brain shrinkage八、PASSAGE THREE(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Scotland Yard“s top finger

43、print expert, Detective Chief Superintendent Gerald Lambourne had a request from the British Museum“s Prehistoric Department to focus his magnifying glass on a mystery. “Somewhat outside my usual beat“, he said. This was not a question of Who Did It, but Who Was It. The blunt instruments he pored ov

44、er were the antlers of red deer, dated by a radio-carbon examination as being up to 5,000 years old. They were used as mining picks by Neolithic man to hack flints and chalk, and the fingerprints he was looking for were of our remote ancestors who had last wielded them. The antlers were unearthed in

45、 July during the British Museum“s five-year-long excavation at Grime“s Graves, near Thetford, Norfolk, a 93-acre site containing more than 600 vertical shafts in the chalk some 40 feet deep. From artifacts found in many parts of Britain it is evident that flint was extensively used by Neolithic man

46、as he slowly learned how to farm land in the period from 3,000 to 1,500 B.C. Flint was especially used for axe heads to clear forests for agriculture, and the quality of the flint on the Norfolk site suggests that the miners there were kept busy with many orders. What excited Mr. G. de G. Sieveking,

47、 the museum“s deputy director of the excavations, was the dried mud still sticking to some of them. “Our deduction is that the miners coated the base of the antlers with mud so that they could get a better grip,“ he says. “The exciting possibility was that fingerprints left in this mud might at last

48、 identify as individuals a people who have left few relics, who could not read or write, but who may have had much more intelligence than has been supposed in the past.“ Chief Superintendent Lambourne, who four years ago had “assisted“ the British Museum by taking the fingerprints of a 4,000-year-ol

49、d Egyptian mummy, spent two hours last week examining about 50 antlers. On some he found minute marks indicating a human grip in the mud. Then on one he found the full imprint of the “ridge structure“ of a human handthat part of the hand just below the fingers where most pressure would be brought to bear in wi