专业八级-1054及答案解析.doc

1、专业八级-1054 及答案解析(总分：95.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to yo

2、ur notes.Many articles and books have been written in recent years about culture in organizations, usually referred to as “Corporate Culture“. Maintaining corporate culture1) Hewlett-Packard corporate culture: (1) for others, a sense of community, and plain hard work maintenance of corporate culture

3、 through extensive training of managers and employees2) Southwest Airlines zealous about hiring: looking for a particular type of person, regardless of (2) to spend a lot of time and communicate with employees in a variety of ways and a large part of it is (3) . Diversity of corporate cultureFive c

4、ontinuums of cultures according to the Hofstede Cultural Orientation Model1) Individual vs. (4) Orientation2) Power Distance Orientation3) (5) Orientation4) Dominant Values Orientation5) (6) Orientation. Change of corporate culture1) To “reengineer“ themselves: change to (7) orientation Common and (

5、8) goals Organizational commitment Role clarity among team members Team leadership Mutual accountability with the team Complementary knowledge and skills Reinforcement of required behavioral competencies Power (real and perceived) Shared rewards2) Increasing importance of corporate culture: result o

6、f several recent developments employees: to be more responsible and think like (9) ; expected to always be “on-call“companies: giving employees more flexible work schedules; filling employees need to belong to (10) .（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SE

7、CTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).According to Edward, in deciding the location of a house, people should consider all the following EXCEPTA. the type of life they enjoy.B. the price of the house.C. the distance between the house and the place of work.D. the school their children can attend.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D

8、2).Which of the following is an ideal place for quiet people to live in?A. The city. B. The downtown.C. Tile countryside. D. City suburbs.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the interview, which is the most common type of houses?A. Detached houses. B. Semi-detached houses.C. Town houses. D. Old hous

9、es.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What does Edward think of old houses compared to new ones?A. They are definitely cheaper.B. They are too old to live in.C. They may be cheaper but repairs and renovation cost much.D. They need to be checked professionally from time to time.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is Edwards

10、 attitude when talking about gardens attached to houses?A. Disapproval. B. Excitement.C. Uncertainty. D. Indifference.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、SECTION C(总题数：3，分数：5.00)(1).The shootings unfolded in the morning over 2 hours in _.A. 1 location B. 2 separate locations C. 3 separate locations D. 4 separate loc

11、ations（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the news, when did Americas first encounter with a campus massacre occur?A. In 1956. B. In 1966. C. In 1999. D. In 2006.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(1).Which of the following is TRUE of NICEs latest advice on pregnant womens drinking?A. Its in contradiction to government

12、 advice.B. Its sufficiently supported by evidence.C. Its stricter than previous guidance.D. It advocates small daily amount of alcohol.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the news, peer support schemes are aimed atA. encouraging new parents to breastfeed their babies.B. limiting alcohol consumption by

13、 pregnant women.C. imposing fines on expectant mothers who drink.D. providing solace to mothers addicted to alcohol.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.1.Together with Hurricane Elida, there have been _ storms in this season.A. fifteen B. two C. forty D. five（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A

14、总题数：1，分数：5.00)Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring th

15、e teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal

16、the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photo

17、graphs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea hig

18、hlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and h

19、is colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.Psycholo

20、gical researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between

21、emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback“) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a persons facial expression can influence that persons emotional state. Consider Darwins words: “T

22、he free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.“ Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?Psychological research has given rise to some intere

23、sting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons

24、as being more aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-percepti

25、on of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. E

26、kman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crows feet“ wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.Ekmans observation may be relevant to the Bri

27、tish expression “keep a stiff upper lip“ as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff“ lip suppresses emotional response as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle t

28、ension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.（分数：5.00）(1).The word “despondent“ in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to_.A. curious B. sad C. elated D. skeptical（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements would NOT Darwin agree with?A. Facial expressions can only reflec

29、t emotional states.B. Facial expressions may help people survive.C. Baring the teeth means the same to people all over the world.D. Human emotions that were not expressed would become less intensive.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to paragraph 2, the Fore people_.A. knew little about Western cultureB

30、 showed facial expressions different from people in other parts of the worldC. were famous for their solitudeD. had never been taken photographs before（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the facial-feedback hypothesis, the relationship between emotions and facial expressions is_.A. no causalB. causal

31、 with the former deciding the latterC. causal with the latter deciding the formerD. causal of two directions（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Ekman has found that_.A. people might have different expressions for the same emotionB. pleasant feelings often stimulate Duchenne smileC. crows feet wrinkles often accomp

32、anied the Duchenne smileD. keeping a stiff upper lip was useful for handling stress（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)People are moving to cities in droves. In 1950, two-thirds of the worlds population lived in the countryside. New York was then the only settlement with more than 10 million peo

33、ple. Today there are 20 such megacities, and more are on their way.Most of these megacities are in developing countries that are struggling to cope with both the speed and the scale of human migration. Estimates of the future spread of urbanization are based on the observation that in Europe, and in

34、 North and South America, the urban share of the total population has stabilized at 75 %- 85 %. If the rest of the world follows this path it is expected that in the next decade an extra 100 million people will join the cities of Africa, and 340 million the cities of Asia: the equivalent of a new Ba

35、ngkok every two months. By 2030 nearly two-thirds of the worlds population will be urban.In the long run, that is good news. If countries now industrializing follow the pattern of those that have already done so, their city-dwellers will be both more prosperous and healthier. Man is gregarious speci

36、es, and the words“ urbane“ and “civilized“ both derive from the advantages of living in large settlements.History also shows, though, that the transition can be uncomfortable. The slums of Manchester were, in their time, just as awful as those of Nairobi today. But people moved there for exactly the

37、 same reason: however nasty conditions seemed, the opportunities of urban life outstripped those of the countryside. The question is how best to handle the change.If there is one thing that everybody agrees on, it is that urbanization is unstoppable. Migrants attempting to escape poverty, and refuge

38、es escaping conflict, are piling into cities in what the executive director of UN-HABITAT, Anna, Tibailjuka, describes as“ premature urbanization.“Dr Tibailjuka believes it might be possible to slow the pace of migration from the countryside with policies that enhance security and rural livelihoods.

39、 There is room for debate, though, over whether better rural development in any form can seriously slow the pace of urbanization- or even whether such a slowdown would be a good thing.Michael Mutter, an urban planning adviser at the British governments Department for International Development (DFID)

40、 says that the relevant indicators suggest that in many countries the effective“ carrying capacity“ of rural areas has been reached. As happened in Europe in the 18th century, population growth and technological improvements to agriculture are creating a surplus population. That surplus has to go s

41、omewhere to earn its living.Indeed, some people go so far so to argue that governments, international donors and aid agencies spend too much on rural development and neglect the cities. Most countries have a rural development policy, but only a few have urban ones. DFID, for example, spends only 5%

42、of its budget directly on urban development. Moreover, these critics point out that, although rural areas often have worse sanitation, illiteracy and homelessness than cities, such figures are deceptive. Being illiterate, homeless or without access to a flush toilet are far more serious problems in

43、a crowded city than in the countryside.Of the many lessons being learnt from past urban-development failures, one of the most important is that improvements must involve local people in a meaningful way. Even when it comes to the poorest slum- dwellers, some governments and city authorities are real

44、izing that people are their own greatest assets. Slumdwellers International is a collection of“ grassroots“ federations of people living in slums. Its idea is simple. Slum-dwellers in a particular place get together and form a federation to strengthen local savings and credit schemes, and to lobby f

45、or greater co-operation with the authorities. Such federations are having a big impact on slum-upgrading schemes around the world.By surveying local needs and acting as voices for slum-dwellers, these federations have been able to show the authorities that shim-dwellers are not simply a homogenous a

46、nd anonymous mass of urban poor, but are real people in need of real services. They have also been able to apply pressure for improvements in security of tenure- either through temporary guarantees of residency or, better still, formal ownership. Such secure tenure gives people an incentive to impro

47、ve their dwellings and is thus the crucial first step to upgrading a slum into a suburb.Over the past six years, South Africas government has been pursuing an active programme of housing improvement. The government quickly realized that, with the poor in the majority, providing social housing for al

48、l would be impossible. The minister for housing, Sakie Mthembi-Mahanyele, says the approach that has worked so far has been a combination of government, the private sector and the poor themselves. The poor, says Mrs. Mthembi-Mahanyele, have responsibilities, and the government meets them halfway. Th

49、ose with an income are expected to contribute some of it to the building of their houses. Those without are asked to contribute“ sweat equity“ by helping to build with their own hands.South Africa has also transferred ownership of more than 380,000 council houses, worth more than 28 billion rand ($2.7 billion) to private individuals. With these hou